{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:21:28Z","timestamp":1776835288259,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Czech Academy of Sciences","award":["RVO 67985939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO 67985939"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-28807X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-28807X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BiodivERsA-Belmont Forum","award":["I 4011-B32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 4011-B32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The family Cactaceae Juss. contains some of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien plant species in the world, with Australia (39 species), South Africa (35) and Spain (24) being the main hotspots of invasion. The Global Cactus Working Group (IOBC GCWG) was launched in 2015 to improve international collaboration and identify key actions that can be taken to limit the impacts caused by cactus invasions worldwide. Based on the results of an on-line survey, information collated from a review of the scientific and grey literature, expertise of the authors, and because invasiveness appears to vary predictably across the family, we (the IOBC GCWG): (1) recommend that invasive and potentially invasive cacti are regulated, and to assist with this, propose five risk categories; (2) recommend that cactus invasions are treated physically or chemically before they become widespread; (3) advocate the use of biological control to manage widespread invasive species; and (4) encourage the development of public awareness and engagement initiatives to integrate all available knowledge and perspectives in the development and implementation of management actions, and address conflicts of interest, especially with the agricultural and ornamental sectors. Implementing these recommendations will require global co-operation. The IOBC GCWG aims to assist with this process through the dissemination of information and experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8100421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T11:07:59Z","timestamp":1571310479000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Global Actions for Managing Cactus Invasions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7092-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Novoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Pr\u016fhonice, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3076-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Brundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, GPO Box 267, Brisbane Qld 4001, Queensland, Australia"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Deltoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAERSA-Generalitat Valenciana, E-46011 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Essl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7071-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Llewellyn C.","family":"Foxcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza 1350, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Fried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Laboratoire de la Sant\u00e9 des V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, Unit\u00e9 Entomologie et Plantes invasives, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Haylee","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Kumschick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Baron-Hay Court, South Perth 6151, Australia"}]},{"given":"Elizabete","family":"Marchante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lia","family":"Marchante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Iain D.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, PO Box 94, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8500-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Py\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Pr\u016fhonice, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vini\u010dn\u00e1 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI Africa, Nairobi 633-00621, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Helmuth G.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmuth Zimmermann &amp; Associates, Pretoria 0043, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0174-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R. U.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14910","article-title":"Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants","volume":"525","author":"Dawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.23855\/preslia.2017.203","article-title":"Naturalized alien flora of the world: Species diversity, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns, geographic distribution and global hotspots of plant invasion","volume":"89","author":"Pergl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preslia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[0053:EAECON]2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States","volume":"50","author":"Pimentel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, D.M. 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