{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T19:18:00Z","timestamp":1767295080446,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPESP, CAPES and CNPq","award":["grant number 2015\/25533-7 and 2017\/14757-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2015\/25533-7 and 2017\/14757-7"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT\/MCT)","award":["M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015-PAIRED, SFRH\/BD\/130555\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015-PAIRED, SFRH\/BD\/130555\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to validate a HPLC method for the assay of flavonoids in extracts obtained from natural sources, i.e., from Dirmophandra mollis Benth, Ginkgo biloba L., Ruta graveolens L., and Vitis vin\u00edfera L. The potential sun protecting effect, antioxidant activity, and cell viability of the extracts were also determined. Individual extracts (obtained from each individual species) and a mixed extract (containing the four extracts) were analyzed by the validated HPLC method for the identification of flavonoids and quantification of rutin and quercetin. An in vitro cell viability study was carried out using the neutral red method. The in vitro sun protection factor was determined by spectral transmittance and in vitro antioxidant efficacy was evaluated against DPPH, ABTS, and AAPH radicals. The HPLC method used for the identification and quantification of flavonoids in extracts exhibited linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Detection and quantification limits were, respectively, 2.881 \u00b1 0.9 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121 and 0.864 \u00b1 0.9 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121 for quercetin, and 30.09 \u00b1 1 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121 and 9.027 \u00b1 1.1 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121 for rutin. All extracts did not affect cell viability at the evaluated concentration range and exhibited a sun protection effect and antioxidant activity. Among the evaluated extracts, Ginkgo biloba L. and the mixed extract depicted the most expressive antioxidant activity. The mixed extract exhibited sunscreen protection against ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) and a critical wavelength of 372.7 \u00b1 0.1. Our results translate the enhanced flavonoids\u2019 composition of the mixed extract, which may be a potential alternative over sunscreens and antioxidants in pharmaceutic\/cosmetic formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1572237871000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Evaluation of In Vitro Solar Protection Factor (SPF), Antioxidant Activity, and Cell Viability of Mixed Vegetable Extracts from Dirmophandra mollis Benth, Ginkgo biloba L., Ruta graveolens L., and Vitis vin\u00edfera L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Let\u00edcia Caramori","family":"Cefali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP). R. Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaina Artem","family":"Ataide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua C\u00e2ndido Portinari, 200, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-871, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Sanchez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Networking Research Centre of Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ilza Maria de Oliveira","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP). R. Sergio Buarque de Holanda, 250, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-859, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mariana Cecchetto","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP). R. Sergio Buarque de Holanda, 250, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-859, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Lucia Tasca Gois","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua C\u00e2ndido Portinari, 200, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-871, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Foglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua C\u00e2ndido Portinari, 200, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-871, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila Gava","family":"Mazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua C\u00e2ndido Portinari, 200, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-871, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eliana Barbosa","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12496","article-title":"Avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for major causes of death: A competing risk analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort","volume":"280","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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