{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T12:08:57Z","timestamp":1773662937923,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CVT\/00772\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CVT\/00772\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"INTERACT project","award":["BIM\/UTAD\/30\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIM\/UTAD\/30\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts and herbal infusions are used worldwide due to the health benefits that are attributed to its use, including anti-neoplastic, anti-aging, neuro-protection, antioxidant and others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aqueous Ginkgo biloba extract on HepG2 cell viability, genotoxicity and DNA protection against paraquat-induced oxidative damage. Exposure to paraquat (PQ), over 24 h incubation at 1.0 and 1.5 \u00b5M, did not significantly reduce cell viability but induced concentration and time-dependent oxidative DNA damage. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC50 = 540.8 \u00b1 40.5 \u00b5g\/mL at 24 h exposure), and short incubations (1 h) produced basal and oxidative DNA damage (&gt;750 and 1500 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). However, lower concentrations (e.g., 75 \u00b5g\/mL) of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract were not cytotoxic and reduced basal DNA damage, indicating a protective effect at incubations up to 4 h. On the other hand, longer incubations (24 h) induced oxidative DNA damage. Co-incubation of HepG2 cells for 4 h, with G. biloba leaf extract (75 \u00b5g\/mL) and PQ (1.0 or 1.5 \u00b5M) significantly reduced PQ-induced oxidative DNA damage. In conclusion, the consumption of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract for long periods at high doses\/concentrations is potentially toxic; however, low doses protect the cells against basal oxidative damage and against environmentally derived toxicants that induce oxidative DNA damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8120556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T10:58:21Z","timestamp":1575025101000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ginkgo biloba L. Leaf Extract Protects HepG2 Cells Against Paraquat-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development, ECVA, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1564-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Martins-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1332-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (BioISI-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Gaiv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal"},{"name":"The Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, (CECAV-UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"923","article-title":"Ginkgo\u00a0biloba","volume":"68","author":"Sierpina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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