{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T20:31:21Z","timestamp":1770582681261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Athletes from contact sports are more prone to orofacial injuries because of the exposure to possible shocks and collisions derived from physical proximity. The use of protector polymeric mouthguards proved to be useful in the prevention of the described injuries. There are different types of mouthguards with varying ranges of protection and prices, but they are all made from polymers and share the same propose: to absorb and dissipate the impact energy resulting from the shocks. As they are used inside the mouth, they should not impair breathing and speaking nor compromise the comfort of the athlete. However, the ideal mouthguard is yet to be created. The choice of the most appropriate polymeric material and the standard required properties have not yet been reported. Regardless of the numerous studies in this field, normalized control parameters for both material characterization and mouthguard fabrication are absent. This paper aims to present a review of the current types of available mouthguards and their properties\/characteristics. Moreover, a detailed description of the most common polymers for the fabrication of mouthguards, together with the manufacturing techniques, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T11:07:42Z","timestamp":1594033662000},"page":"1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Present Status in Polymeric Mouthguards. A Future Area for Additive Manufacturing?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Messias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry Department, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1588-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Piedade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2165\/11530750-000000000-00000","article-title":"First Aid for Dental Trauma Caused by Sports Activities","volume":"40","author":"Emerich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232070-00001","article-title":"Orofacial Injuries from Sport","volume":"32","author":"Ranalli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12389","article-title":"World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta-analysis-One billion living people have had traumatic dental injuries","volume":"34","author":"Petti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. 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