{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T22:31:00Z","timestamp":1775687460215,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Base funding of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy \u2013 LEPABE","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIM\/04293\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIM\/04293\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using a one-step thermal reduction and non-covalent chemical functionalization process, PEGylated reduced nanographene oxide (rGOn-PEG) was produced from nanographene oxide (GOn) and characterized in terms of particle size, dispersion stability, chemistry, and photothermal properties, in view of its use for photothermal therapy (PTT) of non-melanoma skin cancer. GOn infrared spectrum presented more intense bands assigned to oxygen containing functional groups than observed for rGOn-PEG. GOn C\/O ratio decreased more than 50% comparing with rGOn-PEG and nitrogen was present in the latter (N at % = 20.6) due to introduction of PEG-NH2. Thermogravimetric analysis allowed estimating the amount of PEG in rGOn-PEG to be of about 56.1%. Simultaneous reduction and PEGylation increased the lateral dimensions from 287 \u00b1 139 nm to 521 \u00b1 397 nm, as observed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. rGOn-PEG exhibited \u224813-fold higher absorbance in the near-infrared radiation (NIR) region, as compared to unmodified GOn. Low power (150 mW cm\u22122) NIR irradiation using LEDs resulted in rGOn-PEG heating up to 47 \u00b0C, which is within the mild PTT temperature range. PEGylation strongly enhanced the dispersibility of rGOn in physiological media (phosphate buffered saline, fetal bovine serum, and cell culture medium) and also improved the biocompatibility of rGOn-PEG, in comparison to GOn (25\u2013250 \u03bcg mL\u22121). After a single NIR LED irradiation treatment of 30 min, a decrease of \u224838% in A-431 cells viability was observed for rGOn-PEG (250 \u03bcg mL\u22121). Together, our results demonstrate the potential of irradiating rGOn-PEG using lower energy, cheaper, smaller, and safer LEDs, as alternative to high power lasers, for NIR mild hyperthermia therapy of cancer, namely non-melanoma skin cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T21:58:53Z","timestamp":1597701533000},"page":"1840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Costa-Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Bogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3300-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQVR\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Vila Real, Departamento de F\u00edsica, ECT, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lic\u00ednia","family":"Timochenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7400-267X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa A. L. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9759-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas C.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fern\u00e3o D.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2019.08.013","article-title":"Non-melanoma skin cancer\u2014An underestimated global health threat?","volume":"31","author":"Rembielak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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