{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T18:37:49Z","timestamp":1778265469885,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["800689\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["800689\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Superabsorbent hydrogels (SAHs) are three dimensional networks formed by polymers that can absorb aqueous solution of over 100% of their initial weight. This work aimed to develop and characterize SAHs of Chitosan\/Xanthan gum (CG), Chitosan\/Alginate (CA) and controlled Chitosan (C), Xanthan gum (G), and Alginate (A) produced using \u201conion-like\u201d methodology. The swelling performance, the morphological structure, the crystallinity, and the Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy characteristics of SAH were used for the characterization of polyelectrolytes complex. Swelling analysis showed that chitosan has a strong influence on the maintenance of hydrogels structure after swelling, mainly in the acid environment (pH = 2). The chitosan hydrogel presented around 3000% of acidic fluid absorption after 24 h. The chitosan:xanthan gum (1:1 and 2:1 named as C1G1 and C2G1, respectively) hydrogels were the best combination regarding swelling performance in an acid environment, reaching 1665% and 2024%, respectively, as well at pH 7.0, presenting 1005% (C1G1) and 667% (C2G1). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed samples with pores, and with different shapes. The X-ray diffraction showed the presence of a characteristic peak at 2\u03b8 = 20\u00b0 in all developed composition because of the crystalline nature of chitosan. This work shows the possibility of developing eco-friendly biopolymer-based SAHs at a low cost with a good swelling capacity and stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T03:03:39Z","timestamp":1600916619000},"page":"2173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based on Natural Polymers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rejane A.","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduating Program in Biotechnology, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farol\u00e2ndia, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research of Sergipe (ITPS)\u2014Rua Campo do Brito, 371\u2014Bairro S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9\u2014CEP, Aracaju 49020-380, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula J. P.","family":"Espitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics School, University of Atl\u00e1ntico\u2014Universidad del Atlantico, Puerto Colombia, Atl\u00e1ntico 081001, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Daviane M. C.","family":"Vergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduating Program in Biotechnology, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farol\u00e2ndia, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio A.","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula A. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga s\/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3285-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serbia Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, a.d., Studentski trg 12\/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduating Program in Biotechnology, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farol\u00e2ndia, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research\u2014Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farol\u00e2ndia, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"},{"name":"Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA"},{"name":"Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana C.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduating Program in Biotechnology, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farol\u00e2ndia, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"},{"name":"Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.12.023","article-title":"Cellulose-based hydrogels: Present status and application prospects","volume":"84","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.02.031","article-title":"Superadsorbent with three-dimensional networks: From bulk hydrogel to granular hydrogel","volume":"72","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-010-4780-1","article-title":"Advances in non-hygienic applications of superabsorbent hydrogel materials","volume":"45","author":"Omidian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.04.031","article-title":"Preparation and properties of organic\u2013inorganic composite superabsorbent based on xanthan gum and loess","volume":"111","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2004.01.039","article-title":"Modified chitosan 4. Superabsorbent hydrogels from poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) grafted chitosan with salt- and pH-responsiveness properties","volume":"40","author":"Mahdavinia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1002\/app.37706","article-title":"The effect of primary structural parameters of poly(methacrylic acid) xerogels on the kinetics of swelling","volume":"127","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"343062","article-title":"Hydrogel Synthesis Directed Toward Tissue Engineering: Impact of Reaction Condition on Structural Parameters and Macroscopic Properties of Xerogels","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-5148(02)00216-X","article-title":"Water sorption of poly(propylene glycol)\/poly(acrylic acid) interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31501","article-title":"The effects of the pH value of the swelling medium on the kinetics of the swelling of a poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel","volume":"116","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1002\/app.27451","article-title":"Novel approach in investigation of the poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel swelling kinetics in water","volume":"107","author":"Adnadjevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications","volume":"31","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petri, D.F.S. (2015). Xanthan gum: A versatile biopolymer for biomedical and technological applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 132.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.42035"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wurm, F., Rietzler, B., Pham, T., and Bechtold, T. (2020). Multivalent Ions as Reactive Crosslinkers for Biopolymers-A Review. Molecules (Basel Switzerland), 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081840"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200007)51:1<107::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of chitosan-xanthan polyionic complex","volume":"51","author":"Chellat","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119669","article-title":"Agricultural waste-derived superabsorbent hydrogels: Preparation, performance, and socioeconomic impacts","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06619","article-title":"Multi-membrane hydrogels","volume":"452","author":"Ladet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.12.019","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel super-absorbent based on chemically modified pulverized wheat straw and acrylic acid","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.10.006","article-title":"Hydrogel as an alternative structure for food packaging systems","volume":"205","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.11.015","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan\/poly(vinyl alcohol) chemically crosslinked blends for biomedical applications","volume":"76","author":"Mansur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(99)00685-0","article-title":"Novel pH-sensitive chitosan hydrogels: Swelling behavior and states of water","volume":"41","author":"Qu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5010\/JPB.2018.45.1.036","article-title":"Effect of chitosan and chitosan-nanoparticles on post harvest quality of banana fruits","volume":"45","author":"Lustriane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.11.076","article-title":"Optimized biosynthesis of xanthan via effective valorization of orange peels using response surface methodology: A kinetic model approach","volume":"181","author":"Mohsin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201720170071","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of alginate and gelatin microcapsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus","volume":"89","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.05.077","article-title":"NaOH treatment of chitosan films: Impact on macromolecular structure and film properties","volume":"132","author":"Takara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072019000304571","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive n-succinyl chitosan hydrogel and its properties for biomedical applications","volume":"64","author":"Bashir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/10\/2173\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:12:54Z","timestamp":1760177574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/10\/2173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12102173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12102173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]}}}