{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:46:22Z","timestamp":1762659982073,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the considerable challenges in the design of cementitious mixtures for additive manufacturing\/three-dimensional (3D) printing applications is achieving both suitable fresh properties and significant mechanical strengths. This paper presents the use of graphene oxide (GO) as a promising nano reinforcement material with the potential to improve the printing feasibility and quality of a 3D printed cementitious matrix. Additionally, in this study, a viscosity modifying agent (VMA) was employed as a chemical additive to attain the required consistency and flow. The printed mixture was fabricated using various cementitious materials and waste materials. This study investigated the impact of GO and VMA on the enhancement of the 3D printing of cementitious composites through several tests. A flow test was conducted using the flow table test. The results showed a high fluidity and practical consistency, which are essential for nozzle pumping and accurateness in printed shapes. Furthermore, the bleeding test showed minimal bleeding up to hardening, and a considerable self-cleaning ability was noted during handling when conducting examinations of fresh properties. For hardened properties, the mechanical strengths were exceptionally high, especially at early ages, which is crucial for the stability of sequence layers of printed composites. The tensile strengths were 3.77, 10.5, 13.35, and 18.83 MPa at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, and the compressive strengths were 25.1, 68.4, 85.6, and 125.4 MPa at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively. The test results showed the effectiveness of the fabricated cementitious mixture design method for meeting the requirements for 3D concrete printing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T20:09:40Z","timestamp":1607026180000},"page":"2900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ultra-High Early Strength Cementitious Grout Suitable for Additive Manufacturing Applications Fabricated by Using Graphene Oxide and Viscosity Modifying Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alyaa","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}]},{"given":"Nihad Tareq Khshain","family":"Al-Saadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/14488353.2018.1450699","article-title":"Inclusion of graphene oxide in cementitious composites: State-of-the-art review","volume":"16","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A., Al-Saadi, N.T.K., and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2018). Assessing the Contribution of the CFRP Strip of Bearing the Applied Load Using Near-Surface Mounted Strengthening Technique with Innovative High-Strength Self-Compacting Cementitious Adhesive (IHSSC-CA). Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10010066"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.121","article-title":"A state-of-the-art review: Near-surface mounted FRP composites for reinforced concrete structures","volume":"209","author":"Mohammed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.083","article-title":"Incorporating graphene oxide in cement composites: A study of transport properties","volume":"84","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"EFNARC (2006). Guidelines for Viscosity Modifying Admixture for Concrete, European Federation of Concrete Admixture Association."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Valkenaers, H., Jansen, D., Voet, A., Van Gysel, A., and Ferraris, E. (2014, January 2\u20136). Additive manufacturing for concrete: A 3D printing principle. Proceedings of the 14th Euspen International Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, H., Han, S.-J., Choi, S.-H., Lee, Y.J., Yi, S.T., and Kim, K.S. (2019). Rheological Property Criteria for Buildable 3D Printing Concrete. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12040657"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubba, S. (2012). Handbook of Green Building Design and Construction, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385128-4.00003-2"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1595\/205651315X688406","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing, 2nd Edition","volume":"59","author":"Edgar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Johns. Matthey Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Panda, B., Tan, M.J., Gibson, I., and Chua, C.K. (2016, January 16\u201319). The disruptive evolution of 3D printing. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-016-1889-7","article-title":"Toughening effect of liquid natural rubber on the morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of the poly(lactic acid) ternary blend","volume":"74","author":"Bijarimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9668-7","article-title":"Plating on acrylonitrile\u2013butadiene\u2013styrene (ABS) plastic: A review","volume":"51","author":"Olivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.010","article-title":"Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-013-0862-7","article-title":"Interoperability requirements for automated manufacturing systems in construction","volume":"27","author":"Tibaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"40","article-title":"Complex concrete structures","volume":"60","author":"Lloret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015","article-title":"Cementitious materials for construction-scale 3D printing: Laboratory testing of fresh printing mixture","volume":"145","author":"Kazemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2016-0154","article-title":"A review of 3D concrete printing systems and materials properties: Current status and future research prospects","volume":"24","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demyanenko, O., Sorokina, E., Kopanitsa, N., and Sarkisov, Y. (2018, January 25\u201327). Mortars for 3D printing. Proceedings of the IV International Young Researchers Conference Youth, Science, Solutions: Ideas and Prospects, Tomsk, Russia.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201714302013"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1006368","article-title":"Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide","volume":"4","author":"Marcano","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"BSI (2005). Methods of Testing Cement, Determination of Strength, British Standards Institution. BS EN 196-1."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"BSI (2008). Methods of Testing Cement, Determination of Setting Times and Soundness, British Standards Institution. BS EN 196-3:2005+ A1."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"BSI (2014). Admixtures for Concrete, Mortar and Grout, Test Methods, Reference Concrete and Reference Mortar for Testing, British Standards Institution. BS EN 480-1."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"ASTM C1437-15 (2015). Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"ASTM C191-19 (2019). Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"ASTM C232\/C232M-20 (2020). Standard Test Method for Bleeding of Concrete, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"ASTM D737-18 (2018). Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"ASTM C109\/C109M-20b (2020). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube Specimens), ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"ASTM C496\/C496M-17 (2017). Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"ASTM C1583\/C1583M-20 (2020). Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete Surfaces and the Bond Strength or Tensile Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Materials by Direct Tension (Pull-off Method), ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4014010","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001125","article-title":"Reinforcing Effects of Graphene Oxide on Portland Cement Paste","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.001","article-title":"Mechanical properties and microstructure of a graphene oxide\u2013cement composite","volume":"58","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2007.01.004","article-title":"The effect of viscosity modifying agents on mortar and concrete","volume":"29","author":"Leemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(98)80006-1","article-title":"Viscosity enhancing admixtures for cement based materials\u2014An overview","volume":"20","author":"Khayat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Hilsdorf, H.K. (1989, January 6\u20138). Durability of concrete\u2014A measurable quantity?. Proceedings of the Durability of Structures, IABSE Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girrens, S., and Farrar, C. (1991). Experimental Assessment of Air Permeability in a Concrete Shear Wall Subjected to Simulated Seismic Loading, Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI).","DOI":"10.2172\/5528280"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02486002","article-title":"Tensile cracking in concrete and sandstone: Part 1\u2014Basic instruments","volume":"29","author":"Vervuurt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.01.013","article-title":"A simple model to explain the effect of different boundary conditions in direct tensile tests","volume":"23","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12364","DOI":"10.1021\/la3023908","article-title":"Lateral Dimension-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Graphene Oxide Sheets","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.05.002","article-title":"Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites","volume":"69","author":"Musso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.02.007","article-title":"Cement-based composites containing functionalised carbon fibers","volume":"88","author":"Lavagna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2009.09.039","article-title":"Compressive strength and microstructure of carbon nanotubes\u2013fly ash cement composites","volume":"527","author":"Chaipanich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"457","article-title":"Preparation and characterisation of graphene oxide paper","volume":"448","author":"Dikin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.86","article-title":"Spontaneous high-concentration dispersions and liquid crystals of graphene","volume":"5","author":"Behabtu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201100448","article-title":"Spontaneous formation of liquid crystals in ultralarge graphene oxide dispersions","volume":"21","author":"Aboutalebi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CS60303B","article-title":"Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: A synthetic chemistry viewpoint","volume":"43","author":"Chua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.451","article-title":"Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.03.021","article-title":"A multi-technique investigation of the nanoporosity of cement paste","volume":"37","author":"Jennings","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.09.017","article-title":"Nanogranular packing of C\u2013S\u2013H at substochiometric conditions","volume":"40","author":"Vandamme","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.83","article-title":"Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material","volume":"3","author":"Eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.11.064","article-title":"The influence of surface chemistry and size of nanoscale graphene oxide on photothermal therapy of cancer using ultra-low laser power","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, T., Fan, Z., Liu, Q., Wang, S., and Yu, Q. (2015). Investigation of the Effects of Graphene on the Micro- and Macro-Properties of Cementitious Materials. Struct. Congr., 1314\u20131325.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479117.112"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276323","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/276323","article-title":"Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Graphene Oxide: Cement Nanocomposites","volume":"2014","author":"Babak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.022","article-title":"Incorporation of graphene oxide and silica fume into cement paste: A study of dispersion and compressive strength","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/12\/2900\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:41:14Z","timestamp":1760179274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/12\/2900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12122900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12122900","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]}}}