{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:29:07Z","timestamp":1774466947558,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2750\/M874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2750\/M874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of electrically conductive materials to impart electrical properties to substrates for cell attachment proliferation and differentiation represents an important strategy in the field of tissue engineering. This paper discusses the concept of electro-active structures and their roles in tissue engineering, accelerating cell proliferation and differentiation, consequently leading to tissue regeneration. The most relevant carbon-based materials used to produce electro-active structures are presented, and their main advantages and limitations are discussed in detail. Particular emphasis is put on the electrically conductive property, material synthesis and their applications on tissue engineering. Different technologies, allowing the fabrication of two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures in a controlled way, are also presented. Finally, challenges for future research are highlighted. This review shows that electrical stimulation plays an important role in modulating the growth of different types of cells. As highlighted, carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene and carbon nanotubes, have great potential for fabricating electro-active structures due to their exceptional electrical and surface properties, opening new routes for more efficient tissue engineering approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T20:18:22Z","timestamp":1607631502000},"page":"2946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Carbon Nanomaterials for Electro-Active Structures: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8959-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9229-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei E2-514, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darwin","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei E2-514, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Hung","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei E2-514, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"B\u00e1rtolo, P.J., Almeida, H.A., Rezende, R.A., Laoui, T., and Bidanda, B. 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