{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T14:31:30Z","timestamp":1777213890983,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000017 and Project SAICT n\u00ba 31296","award":["Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000017 and Project SAICT n\u00ba 31296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000017 and Project SAICT n\u00ba 31296"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process through which components\/structures are produced layer-by-layer. In this context, 4D printing combines 3D printing with time so that this combination results in additively manufactured components that respond to external stimuli and, consequently, change their shape\/volume or modify their mechanical properties. Therefore, 4D printing uses shape-memory materials that react to external stimuli such as pH, humidity, and temperature. Among the possible materials with shape memory effect (SME), the most suitable for additive manufacturing are shape memory polymers (SMPs). However, due to their weaknesses, shape memory polymer compounds (SMPCs) prove to be an effective alternative. On the other hand, out of all the additive manufacturing techniques, the most widely used is fused filament fabrication (FFF). In this context, the present paper aims to critically review all studies related to the mechanical properties of 4D-FFF materials. The paper provides an update state of the art showing the potential of 4D-FFF printing for different engineering applications, maintaining the focus on the structural integrity of the final structure\/component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Fused Filament Fabrication-4D-Printed Shape Memory Polymers: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Valvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C-MAST, Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, 6201-100 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo N. B.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C-MAST, Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, 6201-100 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Susmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Berto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11465-013-0248-8","article-title":"Additive manufacturing: Technology, applications and research needs","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. 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