{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T22:37:34Z","timestamp":1777329454996,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019285","name":"Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["836884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["836884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-097249-B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-097249-B-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, a new poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx)] terpolyester with approximately 68 mol% of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 17 mol% of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV), and 15 mol% of 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) was obtained via the mixed microbial culture (MMC) technology using fruit pulps as feedstock, a processing by-product of the juice industry. After extraction and purification performed in a single step, the P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx) powder was melt-mixed, for the first time, in contents of 10, 25, and 50 wt% with commercial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Thereafter, the resultant doughs were thermo-compressed to obtain highly miscible films with good optical properties, which can be of interest in rigid and semirigid organic recyclable food packaging applications. The results showed that the developed blends exhibited a progressively lower melting enthalpy with increasing the incorporation of P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx), but retained the PHB crystalline morphology, albeit with an inferred lower crystalline density. Moreover, all the melt-mixed blends were thermally stable up to nearly 240 \u00b0C. As the content of terpolymer increased in the blends, the mechanical response of their films showed a brittle-to-ductile transition. On the other hand, the permeabilities to water vapor, oxygen, and, more notably, limonene were seen to increase. On the overall, this study demonstrates the value of using industrial biowaste derived P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx) terpolyesters as potentially cost-effective and sustainable plasticizing additives to balance the physical properties of organic recyclable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based food packaging materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"1155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Blends of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) with Fruit Pulp Biowaste Derived Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate-co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) for Organic Recycling Food Packaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2289-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mel\u00e9ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedr\u00e1tico Agust\u00edn Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Torres-Giner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedr\u00e1tico Agust\u00edn Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A. M.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4076-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Cabedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), 12071 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0502-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Lagar\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedr\u00e1tico Agust\u00edn Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0205","article-title":"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments","volume":"364","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfei, S., Schito, A.M., and Zuccari, G. (2021). Biodegradable and Compostable Shopping Bags under Investigation by FTIR Spectroscopy. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020621"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Giner, S., Figueroa-Lopez, K.J., Melendez-Rodriguez, B., Prieto, C., Pardo-Figuerez, M., and Lagaron, J.M. (2021). Emerging Trends in Biopolymers for Food Packaging. Sustainable Food Packaging Technology, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527820078.ch1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031254","article-title":"Polyester synthases: Natural catalysts for plastics","volume":"376","author":"REHM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.17270\/J.LOG.2019.322","article-title":"Bioplastic packaging materials in circular economy","volume":"15","author":"Dobrucka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Logforum"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900101","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201900101","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Recent Advances in Their Synthesis and Applications","volume":"121","author":"Winnacker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.63.1.21-53.1999","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): From DNA to plastic","volume":"63","author":"Madison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.19.1241","article-title":"Crystallization and Morphology of Poly(\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate) and Its Copolymer","volume":"19","author":"Mitomo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.05.005","article-title":"Understanding the effect of copolymer content on the processability and mechanical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)\/wood composites","volume":"124","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(00)00235-1","article-title":"Effect of 3-hydroxy valerate content on some physical and mechanical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates produced by Azotobacter chroococcum","volume":"36","author":"Savenkova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2013.06.003","article-title":"Characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized from microbial mixed cultures and of their nanobiocomposites with bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers","volume":"31","author":"Villano","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2007.07.006","article-title":"Production and characterization of terpolyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by recombinant Aeromonas hydrophila 4AK4 harboring genes phaAB","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.10.030","article-title":"Different thermal behaviors of microbial polyesters poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"51","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31801","article-title":"Study on the biocompatibility of novel terpolyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"87A","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.06.008","article-title":"Interactions between a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) terpolyester and human keratinocytes","volume":"29","author":"Ji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-8130(89)90040-8","article-title":"Ability of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum to produce various poly (\u03b2-hydroxyalkanoates): Potential sources for biodegradable polyesters","volume":"11","author":"Brandl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-8130(91)90053-W","article-title":"Accumulation of a poly(hydroxyalkanoate) copolymer containing primarily 3-hydroxyvalerate from simple carbohydrate substrates by Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 40126","volume":"13","author":"Haywood","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.1097","article-title":"Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains","volume":"74","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.12.018","article-title":"Improved synthesis of P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx) terpolymers by mutant Cupriavidus necator using the PHA synthase gene of Chromobacterium sp. USM2 with high affinity towards 3HV","volume":"95","author":"Bhubalan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.091","article-title":"Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) terpolymer production from volatile fatty acids using engineered Ralstonia eutropha","volume":"138","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050010","article-title":"Characterization and cloning of an (R)-specific trans-2,3-enoylacyl-CoA hydratase from Rhodospirillum rubrum and use of this enzyme for PHA production in Escherichia coli","volume":"53","author":"Reiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22409","article-title":"Biosynthesis and characterization of 3-hydroxyalkanoate terpolyesters with adjustable properties by Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s004490050394","article-title":"Process analysis and economic evaluation for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by fermentation","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.08.040","article-title":"Optimization and fed-batch production of PHB utilizing dairy waste and sea water as nutrient sources by Bacillus megaterium SRKP-3","volume":"101","author":"Deepak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1021\/bm049478b","article-title":"Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Agricultural Waste and Surplus Materials","volume":"6","author":"Koller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-338X(96)85038-0","article-title":"Effect of organic acid profiles during anaerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Rhodobacter sphaeroides","volume":"82","author":"Shirai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ferment. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.03.011","article-title":"Olive oil mill effluents as a feedstock for production of biodegradable polymers","volume":"39","author":"Dionisi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-011-0394-1","article-title":"Utilizing of Sugar Refinery Waste (Cane Molasses) for Production of Bio-Plastic Under Submerged Fermentation Process","volume":"20","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.01.020","article-title":"Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by activated sludge treating a paper mill wastewater","volume":"99","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2013.10.010","article-title":"Response of a three-stage process for PHA production by mixed microbial cultures to feedstock shift: Impact on polymer composition","volume":"31","author":"Duque","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2009.10.012","article-title":"Production of polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHAs) using milk whey and dairy wastewater activated sludge: Production of bioplastics using dairy residues","volume":"109","author":"Bosco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arumugam, A., Anudakshaini, T.S., Shruthi, R., Jeyavishnu, K., Sundarra Harini, S., and Sharad, J.S. (2019). Low-cost production of PHA using cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) juice as potential substrate: Optimization and characterization. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-019-00502-5"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1166\/jbmb.2014.1476","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production with a Feast\/Famine Feeding Regime Using Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants of the Food and Beverage Industry","volume":"8","author":"Khumwanich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124270","article-title":"Implementing polyhydroxyalkanoates production to anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste to diversify products and increase total energy recovery","volume":"318","author":"Papa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-0517-2-8","article-title":"Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends","volume":"2","author":"Babu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.23776","article-title":"Synergistic effect of compatibilizer and cloisite 30B on the functional properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)\/polylactide blends","volume":"54","author":"Zembouai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA10045D","article-title":"Multi-scale instrumental analyses of plasticized polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) blended with polycaprolactone (PCL) and the effects of crosslinkers and graft copolymers","volume":"9","author":"Nishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rsc Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Safont, E.L., Aldureid, A., Lagar\u00f3n, J.M., Gamez-Perez, J., and Cabedo, L. (2020). Effect of the Purification Treatment on the Valorization of Natural Cellulosic Residues as Fillers in PHB-Based Composites for Short Shelf Life Applications. Waste Biomass Valorization.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-020-01192-1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.01.035","article-title":"Effect of agave fiber content in the thermal and mechanical properties of green composites based on polyhydroxybutyrate or poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)","volume":"99","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melendez-Rodriguez, B., Torres-Giner, S., Aldureid, A., Cabedo, L., and Lagaron, J.M. (2019). Reactive Melt Mixing of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)\/Rice Husk Flour Composites with Purified Biosustainably Produced Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate). Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132152"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarasini, F., Luzi, F., Dominici, F., Maffei, G., Iannone, A., Zuorro, A., Lavecchia, R., Torre, L., Carbonell-Verdu, A., and Balart, R. (2018). Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Sustainable Composites Based on a PHBV\/PBAT Matrix Filled with Coffee Silverskin. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10111256"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.01.020","article-title":"Comparison of miscibility and structure of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)\/poly(l-lactic acid) blends with those of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)\/poly(l-lactic acid) blends studied by wide angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and FTIR microspectroscopy","volume":"48","author":"Furukawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1002\/app.12970","article-title":"Miscibility and crystallization behavior of poly(3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)\/ poly(propylene carbonate) blends","volume":"90","author":"Peng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(96)81624-7","article-title":"Miscibility of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(vinyl chloride) blends","volume":"36","author":"Choe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-013-0626-7","article-title":"Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)\/Polylactide Blends: Thermal Stability, Flammability and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior","volume":"22","author":"Zembouai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-013-0635-6","article-title":"Melt Compounded Blends of Short and Medium Chain-Length Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates","volume":"22","author":"Nerkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Jawaid, M., Bouhfid, R., and Kacem Qaiss, A.E. (2019). Chapter 11\u2013Functionalized Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Energy Applications. Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Derivatives, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20657","article-title":"Melt compounding of various polymers with organoclay by shear flow","volume":"30","author":"Koyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Abad, A., Cabedo, L., Oliveira, C.S.S., Hilliou, L., Reis, M., and Lagar\u00f3n, J.M. (2016). Characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate blends incorporating unpurified biosustainably produced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.42633"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2013.07.023","article-title":"Determination of the extraction kinetics for the quantification of polyhydroxyalkanoate monomers in mixed microbial systems","volume":"48","author":"Lanham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebocho, A.T., Pereira, J.R., Neves, L.A., Alves, V.D., Sevrin, C., Grandfils, C., Freitas, F., and Reis, M.A.M. (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Films Based on a Natural P(3HB)\/mcl-PHA Blend Obtained through the Co-culture of Cupriavidus Necator and Pseudomonas Citronellolis in Apple Pulp Waste. Bioengineering, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering7020034"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.200900034","article-title":"Recovery of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from Cupriavidus necator biomass by solvent extraction with 1,2-propylene carbonate","volume":"9","author":"Fiorese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.09.022","article-title":"Effect of surimi quality on properties of edible films based on Alaska pollack","volume":"86","author":"Shiku","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2012.03.005","article-title":"Active chitosan\u2013polyvinyl alcohol films with natural extract","volume":"29","author":"Kanatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2016.08.009","article-title":"Thermo-mechanical, rheological, structural and antimicrobial properties of bionanocomposite films based on fish skin gelatin and silver-copper nanoparticles","volume":"62","author":"Arfat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"383","article-title":"Color difference Delta E\u2013A survey","volume":"20","author":"Mokrzycki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mach. Graph. Vis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivorra-Martinez, J., Quiles-Carrillo, L., Boronat, T., Torres-Giner, S.A., and Covas, J. (2020). Assessment of the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Injection-Molded Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)\/Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Parts for Use in Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12061389"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2006.08.006","article-title":"Edible films made from tuna-fish gelatin with antioxidant extracts of two different murta ecotypes leaves (Ugni molinae Turcz)","volume":"21","author":"Ihl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00118a007","article-title":"Microbial Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"28","author":"Doi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivorra-Martinez, J., Manuel-Ma\u00f1ogil, J., Boronat, T., Sanchez-Nacher, L., Balart, R., and Quiles-Carrillo, L. (2020). Development and Characterization of Sustainable Composites from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Almond Shell Flour by Reactive Extrusion with Oligomers of Lactic Acid. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051097"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahabi, H., Michely, L., Moradkhani, G., Akbari, V., Cochez, M., Vagner, C., Renard, E., Saeb, M.R., and Langlois, V. (2019). Thermal Stability and Flammability Behavior of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Based Composites. Mater., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12142239"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-016-0751-1","article-title":"Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)\/Organomodified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites for Potential Food Packaging Applications","volume":"24","author":"Vandewijngaarden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9569","DOI":"10.1039\/b907677h","article-title":"Effect of comonomer content on the crystallization kinetics and morphology of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-703X(03)00029-9","article-title":"Effects of surface morphology on the biocompatibility of polyhydroxyalkanoates","volume":"16","author":"Kai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.013","article-title":"Effect of 3-hydroxyhexanoate content in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) on in vitro growth and differentiation of smooth muscle cells","volume":"27","author":"Qu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Lema, S., Quiles-Carrillo, L., Garcia-Garcia, D., Melendez-Rodriguez, B., Balart, R., and Torres-Giner, S. (2020). Tailoring the Properties of Thermo-Compressed Polylactide Films for Food Packaging Applications by Individual and Combined Additions of Lactic Acid Oligomer and Halloysite Nanotubes. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081976"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1021\/ma202606y","article-title":"Simultaneous Synchrotron SAXS\/WAXD Study of Composition Fluctuations, Cold-Crystallization, and Melting in Biodegradable Polymer Blends of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)","volume":"45","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panaitescu, D.M., Nicolae, C.A., Frone, A.N., Chiulan, I., Stanescu, P.O., Draghici, C., Iorga, M., and Mihailescu, M. (2017). Plasticized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with improved melt processing and balanced properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 134.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.44810"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(96)82922-3","article-title":"Temperature influence on changes of parameters of the unit cell of biopolymer PHB","volume":"37","year":"1996","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1021\/ma049863t","article-title":"Thermal Behavior and Molecular Interaction of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Studied by Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction","volume":"37","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1002\/app.28278","article-title":"Influence of cooling rate on the thermal behavior and solid-state morphologies of polyhydroxyalkanoates","volume":"109","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6ner, M., K\u0131z\u0131l, G., Keskin, G., Pochat-Bohatier, C., and Bechelany, M. (2018). The Effect of Boron Nitride on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Nanomater., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8110940"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1021\/bm050897y","article-title":"Renewable Resource-Based Green Composites from Recycled Cellulose Fiber and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Bioplastic","volume":"7","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392001000100008","article-title":"Films of poly (L-lactic acid)\/poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) blends: In vitro degradation","volume":"4","author":"Ferreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.09.021","article-title":"Biocompatibility of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.018","article-title":"Thermal and thermo-mechanical degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based multiphase systems","volume":"93","author":"Hablot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Safont, E.L., Cabedo, L., and Gamez-Perez, J. (2021). Cellulose-Reinforced Biocomposites Based on PHB and PHBV for Food Packaging Applications. Sustainable Food Packaging Technology, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527820078.ch8"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.039","article-title":"Biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)\/thermoplastic polyurethane blends with improved mechanical and barrier performance","volume":"132","author":"Cabedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.05.041","article-title":"Morphology and barrier properties of solvent cast composites of thermoplastic biopolymers and purified cellulose fibers","volume":"71","author":"Gimenez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2017.1355115","article-title":"Post-processing optimization of electrospun submicron poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) fibers to obtain continuous films of interest in food packaging applications","volume":"34","author":"Cherpinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/8756087907083590","article-title":"Novel PET Nanocomposites of Interest in Food Packaging Applications and Comparative Barrier Performance with Biopolyester Nanocomposites","volume":"23","author":"Gimenez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plast. Film Sheeting"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/026708304225010442","article-title":"Structural characteristics defining high barrier properties in polymeric materials","volume":"20","author":"Lagaron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-018-1324-2","article-title":"In Situ Compatibilization of Biopolymer Ternary Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Low-Functionality Epoxy-Based Styrene\u2013Acrylic Oligomer","volume":"27","author":"Montanes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/7\/1155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:33:49Z","timestamp":1760362429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/7\/1155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13071155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13071155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]}}}