{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:01:03Z","timestamp":1760234463827,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["SFRH\/BD\/130908\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/130908\/2017"]}]},{"name":"PAMI\u2014Portuguese Additive Manufacturing Initiative","award":["Project n\u00ba22158\u2014SAICT\u2014AAC\u201401\/SAICT\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project n\u00ba22158\u2014SAICT\u2014AAC\u201401\/SAICT\/2016"]}]},{"name":"CDRSP","award":["UIDB\/04044\/2020, UIDP\/04044\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04044\/2020, UIDP\/04044\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Add.Additive\u2014add additive manufacturing to Portuguese industry","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024533"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main characteristic of materials with a functional gradient is the progressive composition or the structure variation across its geometry. This results in the properties variation in one or more specific directions, according to the functional application requirements. Cellular structure flexibility in tailoring properties is employed frequently to design functionally-graded materials. Topology optimisation methods are powerful tools to functionally graded materials design with cellular structure geometry, although continuity between adjacent unit-cells in gradient directions remains a restriction. It is mandatory to attain a manufacturable part to guarantee the connectedness between adjoining microstructures, namely by ensuring that the solid regions on the microstructure\u2019s borders i.e., kinematic connectors) match the neighboring cells that share the same boundary. This study assesses the kinematic connectors generated by imposing local density restrictions in the initial design domain (i.e., nucleation) between topologically optimised representative unit-cells. Several kinematic connector examples are presented for two representatives unit-cells topology optimised for maximum bulk and shear moduli with different volume fractions restrictions and graduated Young\u2019s modulus. Experimental mechanical tests (compression) were performed, and comparison studies were carried out between experimental and numerical Young\u2019s modulus. The results for the single maximum bulk for the mean values for experimental compressive Young\u2019s modulus (Ex\u00af) with 60%Vf show a deviation of 9.15%. The single maximum shear for the experimental compressive Young\u2019s modulus mean values (Ex\u00af) with 60%Vf, exhibit a deviation of 11.73%. For graded structures, the experimental mean values of compressive Young\u2019s moduli (Ex\u00af), compared with predicted total Young\u2019s moduli (ESe), show a deviation of 6.96 for the bulk graded structure. The main results show that the single type representative unit-cell experimental Young\u2019s modulus with higher volume fraction presents a minor deviation compared with homogenized data. Both (i.e., bulk and shear moduli) graded microstructures show continuity between adjacent cells. The proposed method proved to be suitable for generating kinematic connections for the design of shear and bulk graduated microstructured materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T22:36:24Z","timestamp":1620426984000},"page":"1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of Kinematic Connectors for Microstructured Materials Produced by Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CDRSP, ESTG, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2401-951 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\u2014IPC, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4009-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Dias-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TEMA\/Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1219-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDRSP, ESTG, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2401-951 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5016-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno M.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDRSP, ESTG, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2401-951 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8635-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro M.","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\u2014IPC, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Lab2PT, School of Architecture, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8964-400X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J.","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\u2014IPC, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252291","article-title":"Ultralight, ultrastiff mechanical metamaterials","volume":"344","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, M.D., Aria, A.I., Thakur, V.K., and Khan, M.A. (2020). 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