{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:03:15Z","timestamp":1777402995032,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"P2020","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046091"]}]},{"name":"P2020","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-046091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-046091"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a strong need to develop and implement appropriate alternatives to replace formaldehyde-based adhesive systems, such as phenol\u2013formaldehyde, in the industry of wood-based panels (WBPs). This is due to the toxicity and volatility of formaldehyde and restrictions on its use associated with some formaldehyde-based adhesives. Additionally, the current pressure to reduce the dependence on polymeric materials, including adhesives, from petrochemical-based sources has led to increased interest in bio-based adhesives, which, in some cases, already provide acceptable properties to the end-product. Among the potential raw materials for good-quality, renewable-based adhesive formulations, this paper highlights tannins, lignin, and protein sources. However, regarding renewable sources, specific features must be considered, such as their lower reactivity than certain petrochemical-based sources and, therefore, higher production costs, resource availability issues, and the need for toxicological investigations on alternative systems, to compare them to conventional systems. As a result, further research is highly encouraged to develop viable formaldehyde-free adhesive systems based on renewable sources, either at the technical or economical level. Moreover, herein, we also showcase the present market of WBPs, highlighting the obstacles that the alternative and new bio-based adhesives must overcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T02:34:05Z","timestamp":1638326045000},"page":"4086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Non-Formaldehyde, Bio-Based Adhesives for Use in Wood-Based Panel Manufacturing Industry\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Moura","family":"Bordado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Galhano dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centre for European Policy Studies (2015). The EU Furniture Market Situation and a Possible Furniture Products Initiative, Centre for European Policy Studies."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"The booming furniture industry in China","volume":"277","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bois For. Trop."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Federation, E.P. (2020, October 28). Oriented Strand Board. Available online: https:\/\/europanels.org\/the-wood-based-panel-industry\/types-of-wood-based-panels-economic-impact\/oriented-strand-board\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, October 09). Ceresana Adhesives Market Report\u2014Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.ceresana.com\/en\/market-studies\/industry\/adhesives-world\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Society, A.C. (2021, October 28). Formaldehyde. Am. Cancer Soc., Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/cancer-causes\/formaldehyde.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ECHA (2021, November 11). SUBSTANCE EVALUATION CONCLUSION as Required by REACH Article 48 and EVALUATION REPORT for Formaldehyde EC No 200-001-8 CAS No 50-00-0, Available online: https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/documents\/10162\/cc0acabf-6e82-f2ed-5dbe-8058f48ce6c4."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Antov, P., Savov, V., and Neykov, N. (2020, January 28\u201330). Reduction of formaldehyde emission from engineered wood panels by formaldehyde scavengers\u2014A review. Proceedings of the Sustainability of Forest-Based Industries in the Global Economy\u2014Proceedings of Scientific Papers, Vinkovci, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keimel, F. (2003). Historical Development of Adhesives and Adhesive Bonding. Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Revised and Expanded, Marcel Dekker, Inc.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203912225.pt1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.7569\/RAA.2021.097307","article-title":"Wood adhesives based on natural resources: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Dunky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Suchsland, O., and Woodson, G.E. (1986). Fiberboard Manufacturing Practices in the United States, Forest Products Research Society."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2017.1396622","article-title":"Adhesive systems used in the European particleboard, MDF and OSB industries*","volume":"13","author":"Mantanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2019). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Products Annual Market Review 2018\u20132019. Int. Organ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Youngquist, J.A. (1999). Wood-based composites and panel products, Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Carvalho, L.H., Magalh\u00e3es, F.D., and Ferra, J.M. (2012). Formaldehyde emissions from wood-based panels: Testing methods and industrial perspectives. Formaldehyde: Chemistry, Applications and Role In Polymerization, Nova Publishers."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Federation, E.P. (2020, October 26). Particleboard. Available online: https:\/\/europanels.org\/the-wood-based-panel-industry\/types-of-wood-based-panels-economic-impact\/particleboard\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, September 27). EN 312: Particleboards\u2014Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/standards.iteh.ai\/catalog\/standards\/cen\/310c1aaa-c5c9-4e5d-ad3d-a255c265da52\/en-312-2010."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, October 24). European Panel Federation Medium Density Fibreboard. Available online: https:\/\/europanels.org\/the-wood-based-panel-industry\/types-of-wood-based-panels-economic-impact\/medium-density-fibreboard\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Federation, E.P. (2020, September 27). Plywood. Available online: https:\/\/europanels.org\/the-wood-based-panel-industry\/types-of-wood-based-panels-economic-impact\/plywood\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2020, October 28). EN 314-2: 1993. APA, Available online: https:\/\/apawood-europe.org\/official-guidelines\/european-standards\/individual-standards\/en-314-2\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez, S., Feijoo, G., and Moreira, M.T. (2020). Cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of bio-adhesives for the wood panel industry. A comparison with petrochemical alternatives. Sci. Total Environ., 738.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140357"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Petrie, E.M. Handbook Adhesive and Sealants, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38604","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06598A","article-title":"Development of sustainable bio-adhesives for engineered wood panels\u2014A Review","volume":"7","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Research, P.M. (2020, October 28). Phenolic Resin Market. Polaris Mark. Res., Available online: https:\/\/www.polarismarketresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/phenolic-resin-market."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"MarketsandMarkets (2020, October 25). Phenolic Resin Market by Type (Resol Resin, Novolac Resin), Application (Wood Adhesives, Molding, Insulation), End-use Industry (Automotive, building & construction, Furniture)\u2014Global Forecasts to 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/phenolic-resin-market-177821389.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020, October 25). Prescient & Strategic Intelligence Phenolic Resins Market. Available online: https:\/\/www.psmarketresearch.com\/market-analysis\/phenolic-resins-market."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, October 26). Fior Markets Global Urea Formaldehyde Market Is Expected to Reach USD 12.51 Billion by 2025: Fior Markets. Available online: https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2020\/03\/05\/1995541\/0\/en\/Global-Urea-Formaldehyde-Market-Is-Expected-to-Reach-USD-12-51-Billion-by-2025-Fior-Markets.html."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Research, A.M. (2020, October 25). Melamine Formaldehyde Market, by Application (Laminates, Wood Adhesives, Molding Compounds, Surface Coatings, and Others)\u2014Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014\u20132022. Allied Mark. Res., Available online: https:\/\/www.alliedmarketresearch.com\/melamine-formaldehyde-market."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuryawan, A., and Alamsyah, E.M. (2018). A Review of Isocyanate Wood Adhesive: A Case Study in Indonesia. Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73115"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ebnesajjad, S. (2009). Adhesives Technology Handbook, William Andrew. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021, August 30). Covestro BIO-BASED ANILINE: A Scientific Breakthrough for Greater Sustainability. Available online: https:\/\/www.covestro.com\/en\/sustainability\/flagship-solutions\/bio-based-aniline."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2001). ASTM D897-01 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Adhesive Bonds, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2019). ASTM D1183-01 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Adhesive Bonds, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2018). ASTM D1875-03 Standard Test Method for Density of Adhesives in Fluid Form, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2013). ASTM D1151-00 Standard Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature on Adhesive Bonds, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2013). ASTM D1876-08 Standard Practice for Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-Bonded Joints and Structures, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2017). ASTM D903-98 Standard Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2015). ASTM D1876-08 Standard Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-Peel Test), ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2013). ASTM D905-08 Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2016). ASTM D1337-10 Standard Practice for Storage Life of Adhesives by Viscosity and Bond Strength, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2021). ASTM D1084-16 Standard Test Methods for Viscosity of Adhesives, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2018). ASTM D2559-12a Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use under Exterior Exposure Conditions, ASTM lnternational."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdosian, F., Pan, Z., Gao, G., and Zhao, B. (2017). Bio-based adhesives and evaluation for wood composites application. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9020070"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faris, A.H., Rahim, A.A., Ibrahim, M.N.M., Alkurdi, A.M., and Shah, I. (2016). Combination of lignin polyol-tannin adhesives and polyethylenimine for the preparation of green water-resistant adhesives. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43437"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, P.M., Halip, J.A., and Lee, S.H. (2019). Tannin-based bioresin as adhesives. Lignocellulose for Future Bioeconomy, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816354-2.00007-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1108\/03699421211264857","article-title":"Eco-friendly tannin-phenol formaldehyde resin for producing wood composites","volume":"41","author":"Jahanshaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pigment Resin Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5552\/drind.2018.1726","article-title":"Supplementation of natural tannins as an alternative to formaldehyde in urea and melamine formaldehyde resins used in mdf production","volume":"69","author":"Sepahvand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drv. Ind."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.09.005","article-title":"Larch tannin-based rigid phenolic foam with high compressive strength, low friability, and low thermal conductivity reinforced by cork powder","volume":"156","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Van Langenberg, K., Grigsby, W., and Ryan, G. (2010). Green Adhesives: Options for the Australian Industry\u2014Summary of Recent Research into Green Adhesives from Renewable Materials and Identification of Those That Are Closest to Commercial Uptake, Forest & Wood Products Australia Limited."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2019.04.012","article-title":"Tannin-based adhesive cross-linked by furfuryl alcohol-glyoxal and epoxy resins","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.211","article-title":"Depolymerization and characterization of Acacia mangium tannin for the preparation of mussel-inspired fast-curing tannin-based phenolic resins","volume":"370","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2021, August 30). Chinese Standard GB\/T 14732-2017 (GB\/T14732-2017). Available online: https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/PDF.aspx\/GBT14732-2017."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, L., Li, J., Li, C., Zhang, S., Gao, Q., Zhang, W., and Li, J. (2020). Degradation mechanism of Acacia mangium tannin in NaOH\/urea aqueous solution and application of degradation products in phenolic adhesives. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 98.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2020.102556"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.007","article-title":"Wood-lignin: Supply, extraction processes and use as bio-based material","volume":"112","author":"Tribot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Ahuja, K.M.K. (2020, October 09). GMI181. Glob. Mark. Insights, Available online: https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/lignin-market."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2021, October 20). Market Research Store Global Lignin Market is Expected to Reach US$900 Million by 2020, Growing at 2.5% CAGR. Available online: https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/en\/news-release\/2015\/11\/20\/789059\/0\/en\/Global-Lignin-Market-is-Expected-to-Reach-US-900-Million-by-2020-Growing-at-2-5-CAGR.html."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"100","article-title":"A review on lignin sources and uses","volume":"7","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dessbesell, L., Paleologou, M., Leitch, M., Pulkki, R., and Xu, C. (2020). Global lignin supply overview and kraft lignin potential as an alternative for petroleum-based polymers. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 123.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109768"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"449","article-title":"Development of green adhesives for fibreboard manufacturing, using tannins and lignin from pulp mill residues","volume":"46","author":"Bertaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.07.037","article-title":"Preparation and properties of lignin\u2013phenol\u2013formaldehyde resins based on different biorefinery residues of agricultural biomass","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1163\/156856198X00542","article-title":"Kraft lignin in phenol formaldehyde resin. Part 1. Partial replacement of phenol by kraft lignin in phenol formaldehyde adhesives for plywood","volume":"12","author":"Danielson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.039","article-title":"Some of the properties of oriented strandboard manufactured using kraft lignin phenolic resin","volume":"202","author":"Cavdar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2019.102408","article-title":"Lignin-based copolymer adhesives for composite wood panels\u2014A review","volume":"95","author":"Ang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25098","article-title":"Lignin-based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives","volume":"103","author":"Pizzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-010-0423-0","article-title":"Synthetic-resin-free wood panel adhesives from mixed low molecular mass lignin and tannin","volume":"69","author":"Mansouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.6.4.4523-4536","article-title":"Study of chemical modification of alkaline lignin by the glyoxalation reaction","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/app.27011","article-title":"Environmentally friendly mixed tannin\/lignin wood resins","volume":"107","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2016.08.009","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of green adhesives using modified tannin and hyperbranched poly (amine-ester)","volume":"71","author":"Faris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norstr\u00f6m, E., Demircan, D., Fogelstr\u00f6m, L., Khabbaz, F., and Malmstr\u00f6m, E. (2018). Green Binders for Wood Adhesives. Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.72072"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Ophardt, C.E. (2021, August 30). Denaturation of Proteins. Elmhurst Coll, Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Denaturation&author=C.+E.+Ophardt&publication_year=2003."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Xu, P., Yang, W., Chu, H., Wang, W., Dong, W., Chen, M., Bai, H., and Ma, P. (2021). Soy protein-based adhesive with superior bonding strength and water resistance by designing densely crosslinking networks. Eur. Polym. J., 142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2020.110128"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.038","article-title":"Assessment and application of phosphorus\/calcium-cottonseed protein adhesive for plywood production","volume":"229","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, S.U., Ambye-Jensen, M., J\u00f8rgensen, H., and J\u00f8rgensen, U. (2019). Ensiling of the pulp fraction after biorefining of grass into pulp and protein juice. Ind. Crops Prod., 139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111576"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.03.013","article-title":"Bio-functionalities of proteins derived from marine algae\u2014A review","volume":"48","author":"Samarakoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"297","article-title":"Green bioprocessing of protein from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae towards circular bioeconomy","volume":"333","author":"Chew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2003.09.008","article-title":"Adhesive properties of modified soybean flour in wheat straw particleboard","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2016.1237278","article-title":"Soy-based adhesives for wood-bonding\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Vnucec","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-005-1078-1","article-title":"Thermal properties and adhesiveness of soy protein modified with cationic detergent","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAOCS J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-000-0113-6","article-title":"Adhesive properties of soy proteins modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate","volume":"77","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2020.102600","article-title":"Development of soy protein-based adhesive with high water resistance and bonding strength by waterborne epoxy crosslinking strategy","volume":"100","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6690(99)00058-8","article-title":"Comparison of chickpea and soy protein isolate and whole flour as biodegradable plastics","volume":"11","author":"Salmoral","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2016.02.012","article-title":"Use of additives to enhance the properties of cottonseed protein as wood adhesives","volume":"68","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2021, March 26). Chinese Standards GB\/T 17657-2013 (GBT 17657-2013). Available online: https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/PDF.aspx\/GBT17657-2013."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Han, Y., Shi, S.Q., Gao, Q., and Li, J. (2020). Preparation of a moderate viscosity, high performance and adequately-stabilized soy protein-based adhesive via recombination of protein molecules. J. Clean. Prod., 255.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120303"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2018.01.002","article-title":"Combinations of soy protein and polyacrylate emulsions as wood adhesives","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2020.102801","article-title":"A cold-set wood adhesive based on soy protein","volume":"106","author":"Mousavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2021, March 26). American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood (ANSI\/HPVA HP-1-2020). Available online: https:\/\/www.decorativehardwoods.org\/product\/ansi-hpva-hp-1-2020."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.02.021","article-title":"Investigation of modified cottonseed protein adhesives for wood composites","volume":"46","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.09.052","article-title":"Blending cottonseed meal products with different protein contents for cost-effective wood adhesive performances","volume":"126","author":"Pradyawong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Pradyawong, S., Sun, X.S., Wang, D., He, Z., Zhong, J., and Cheng, H.N. (2021). Improving adhesion performance of cottonseed protein by the synergy of phosphoric acid and water soluble calcium salts. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 108.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2021.102867"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Cheng, H.N., Klasson, K.T., Ford, C., and Barroso, V.A.B. (2019). Optimization and practical application of cottonseed meal-based wood adhesive formulations for small wood item bonding. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2019.102448"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.07.031","article-title":"Application of tung oil to improve adhesion strength and water resistance of cottonseed meal and protein adhesives on maple veneer","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasbaneh, A.T., and Sher, W. (2021). Comparative sustainability evaluation of two engineered wood-based construction materials: Life cycle analysis of CLT versus GLT. Build. Environ., 204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108112"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.01.001","article-title":"Greenhouse gas and energy based life cycle analysis of products from the Irish wood processing industry","volume":"92","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-009-0099-z","article-title":"Environmental performance assessment of hardboard manufacture","volume":"14","author":"Feijoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A., Carvalho, A., and Barbosa-P\u00f3voa, A. (2021). An economic and environmental comparison between forest wood products\u2014Uncoated woodfree paper, natural cork stoppers and particle boards. J. Clean. Prod., 296.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126469"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104434","article-title":"Cross-country comparison on environmental impacts of particleboard production in Brazil and Spain","volume":"150","author":"Ferro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.02.024","article-title":"Carbon footprint as an environmental sustainability indicator for the particleboard produced in Pakistan","volume":"155","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.11.073","article-title":"Carbon footprint of particleboard: A comparison between ISO\/TS 14067, GHG Protocol, PAS 2050 and Climate Declaration","volume":"66","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/23\/4086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:35:12Z","timestamp":1760168112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/23\/4086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13234086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13234086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]}}}