{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:14:50Z","timestamp":1775175290401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid-state electrolytes are a promising family of materials for the next generation of high-energy rechargeable lithium batteries. Polymer electrolytes (PEs) have been widely investigated due to their main advantages, which include easy processability, high safety, good mechanical flexibility, and low weight. This review presents recent scientific advances in the design of versatile polymer-based electrolytes and composite electrolytes, underlining the current limitations and remaining challenges while highlighting their technical accomplishments. The recent advances in PEs as a promising application in structural batteries are also emphasized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:51:06Z","timestamp":1642719066000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Designing Versatile Polymers for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Beatriz Arouca","family":"Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Composite Structures Unit, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4000-014 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, 4200-265 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-265 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Composite Structures Unit, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4000-014 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Composite Structures Unit, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4000-014 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, 4200-265 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Physics Department, FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-265 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Composite Structures Unit, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4000-014 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, 4200-265 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Composite Structures Unit, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4000-014 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, 4200-265 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danzi, F., Salgado, R.M., Oliveira, J.E., Arteiro, A., Camanho, P.P., and Braga, M.H. (2021). Structural Batteries: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082203"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sequeira, C., and Santos, D. (2010). Introduction to Polymer Electrolyte Materials, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845699772.1.3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042001","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-6331\/ab5571","article-title":"Structural Battery Composites: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Asp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Funct. Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hellqvist Kjell, M. (2013). Performance of Conventional and Structural Lithium-Ion Batteries. [Ph.D. Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2019.05.009","article-title":"Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries: Advances and Prospects","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sequeira, C., and Santos, D.B.T.P.E. (2010). Hybrid Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10038","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA02621D","article-title":"Polymer electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries","volume":"4","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.04.018","article-title":"Challenges and issues facing lithium metal for solid-state rechargeable batteries","volume":"353","author":"Mauger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.06.268","article-title":"Low temperature sintering of crystallized Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 using hot-press technique","volume":"17","author":"Kotobuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2011.07.005","article-title":"A novel structure of ceramics electrolyte for future lithium battery","volume":"196","author":"Kotobuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotobuki, M. (2020). Polymer Electrolytes. Polymer Electrolytes, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527805457.ch1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0431-3","article-title":"Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries","volume":"18","author":"Famprikis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.11.030","article-title":"Polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries","volume":"36","author":"Gebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2021.04.007","article-title":"Advances and prospects of PVDF based polymer electrolytes","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.29","article-title":"Recycling of mixed cathode lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook","volume":"2","author":"Or","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4980070505","article-title":"Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly(ethylene oxide)","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(73)90146-8","article-title":"Complexes of alkali metal ions with poly(ethylene oxide)","volume":"14","author":"Fenton","year":"1973","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.12.004","article-title":"Beyond PEO\u2014Alternative host materials for Li+-conducting solid polymer electrolytes","volume":"81","author":"Mindemark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(83)90083-8","article-title":"Polymer solid electrolytes\u2014An overview","volume":"9\u201310","author":"Armand","year":"1983","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00625960","article-title":"Ion-conductive macromolecular gels and membranes for solid lithium cells","volume":"5","author":"Feuillade","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(88)90314-1","article-title":"Mixed phase solid electrolytes","volume":"28\u201330","author":"Skaarup","year":"1988","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(89)90185-9","article-title":"Modifications of crystalline structure of peo polymer electrolytes with ceramic additives","volume":"36","author":"Wieczorek","year":"1989","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102659","article-title":"Recent Advances in Application of Ionic Liquids in Electrolyte of Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"40","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2016.04.006","article-title":"Progress in electrolytes for rechargeable Li-based batteries and beyond","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.10.017","article-title":"A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: The issues, strategies, and testing standards","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-019-9464-0","article-title":"Structure design and mechanism analysis of silicon anode for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-019-9456-1","article-title":"Engineering oxygen vacancies in hierarchically Li-rich layered oxide porous microspheres for high-rate lithium ion battery cathode","volume":"62","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b06212","article-title":"Supported Ionic Liquid Gel Membrane Electrolytes for a Safe and Flexible Sodium Metal Battery","volume":"7","author":"Mendes","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19218","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA03471J","article-title":"Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"3","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030203g","article-title":"Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/cm901452z","article-title":"Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries","volume":"22","author":"Goodenough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(02)00080-2","article-title":"A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions","volume":"148","author":"Aurbach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-017-1763-4","article-title":"Recent advances in solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5255","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12690E","article-title":"Dendrite formation in silicon anodes of lithium-ion batteries","volume":"8","author":"Selis","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2013.02.004","article-title":"Surface effects on the structure and lithium behavior in lithiated silicon: A first principles study","volume":"612","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8670","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP05865H","article-title":"Electrochemical in situ investigations of SEI and dendrite formation on the lithium metal anode","volume":"17","author":"Bieker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100496","article-title":"Lithium deposition in single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes","volume":"2","author":"Borzutzki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0165-5","article-title":"Designing solid-state electrolytes for safe, energy-dense batteries","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16114","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.114","article-title":"Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries","volume":"1","author":"Tikekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2018.01.002","article-title":"A conceptual review on polymer electrolytes and ion transport models","volume":"3","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(83)90068-1","article-title":"Microscopic investigation of ionic conductivity in alkali metal salts-poly(ethylene oxide) adducts","volume":"11","author":"Berthier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/35104644","article-title":"Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries","volume":"414","author":"Tarascon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201509299","article-title":"Single Lithium-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes Based on a Super-Delocalized Polyanion","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.11.045","article-title":"Natural halloysite nano-clay electrolyte for advanced all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0349-7","article-title":"Solid-state polymer electrolytes with in-built fast interfacial transport for secondary lithium batteries","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003836","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202003836","article-title":"Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Lithium\u2013Metal Batteries: Design, Performance, and Challenges","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.08.100","article-title":"Polymerized ionic liquid diblock copolymer as solid-state electrolyte and separator in lithium-ion battery","volume":"101","author":"Nykaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b04686","article-title":"Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Electrolytes: Enabling Superior Ambient Cationic Conductivity and Electrochemical Stability","volume":"31","author":"Pelz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2016.07.003","article-title":"All solid-state polymer electrolytes for high-performance lithium ion batteries","volume":"5","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2010.05.045","article-title":"An investigation on PAN\u2013PVC\u2013LiTFSI based polymer electrolytes system","volume":"192","author":"Ramesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.11.003","article-title":"Enhancement of electrochemical properties of hot-pressed poly(ethylene oxide)-based nanocomposite polymer electrolyte films for all-solid-state lithium polymer batteries","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(02)00028-X","article-title":"Water-soluble polymer\u2013metal ion interactions","volume":"28","author":"Rivas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.02.074","article-title":"Effects of Nano Alumina and Plasticizers on Morphology, Ionic Conductivity, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PEO-LiCF3SO3 Solid Polymer Electrolyte","volume":"161","author":"Klongkan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8263","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA12951B","article-title":"Role of ionic liquid [BMIMPF6] in modifying the crystallization kinetics behavior of the polymer electrolyte PEO-LiClO4","volume":"5","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201402277","article-title":"Development of Electrolytes towards Achieving Safe and High-Performance Energy-Storage Devices: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201300495","article-title":"A Gum-Like Electrolyte: Safety of a Solid, Performance of a Liquid","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2003.10.020","article-title":"Porous PVDF with LiClO4 complex as \u201csolid\u201d and \u201cwet\u201d polymer electrolyte","volume":"175","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9180","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm01086c","article-title":"A novel poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)\/poly(ethylene terephthalate) composite nonwoven separator with phase inversion-controlled microporous structure for a lithium-ion battery","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-006-0018-2","article-title":"New polymer electrolyte based on (PVA\u2013PAN) blend for Li-ion battery applications","volume":"12","author":"Subramania","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2005.03.028","article-title":"Influence of TiO2 nano-particles on the transport properties of composite polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"146","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.02.090","article-title":"Cross-linking network based on Poly(ethylene oxide): Solid polymer electrolyte for room temperature lithium battery","volume":"420","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104976","article-title":"Fast lithium ion transport in solid polymer electrolytes from polysulfide-bridged copolymers","volume":"75","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102747","article-title":"Multifunctional approaches for safe structural batteries","volume":"40","author":"Kalnaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(99)00529-7","article-title":"Trends in polymer electrolytes for secondary lithium batteries","volume":"88","author":"Dias","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2021.08.005","article-title":"Polymer electrolytes and interfaces in solid-state lithium metal batteries","volume":"51","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18239","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA04631D","article-title":"Hybrid electrolytes with an ultrahigh Li-ion transference number for lithium-metal batteries with fast and stable charge\/discharge capability","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M., Bermudez, V., and Pawlicka, A. (2019). Insight on Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527805457.ch5"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.118697","article-title":"Composite polymer electrolytes reinforced by hollow silica nanotubes for lithium metal batteries","volume":"618","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2016.12.001","article-title":"Fire retardant, superionic solid state polymer electrolyte membranes for lithium ion batteries","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-009-0406-5","article-title":"Combined effect of CuO nanofillers and DBP plasticizer on ionic conductivity enhancement in the solid polymer electrolyte PEO\u2013LiCF3SO3","volume":"16","author":"Johan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9189","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c02111","article-title":"Recent Advances in Filler Engineering of Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9539","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA03061H","article-title":"Nano-SiO2-embedded poly(propylene carbonate)-based composite gel polymer electrolyte for lithium\u2013sulfur batteries","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6832","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA00560A","article-title":"High electrochemical stability of a 3D cross-linked network PEO@nano-SiO2 composite polymer electrolyte for lithium metal batteries","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1021\/ja502133j","article-title":"Suppression of lithium dendrite growth using cross-linked polyethylene\/poly(ethylene oxide) electrolytes: A new approach for practical lithium-metal polymer batteries","volume":"136","author":"Khurana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.08.014","article-title":"Reviewing the current status and development of polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100669","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202100669","article-title":"Electrochemical and Nanomechanical Properties of TiO2 Ceramic Filler Li-Ion Composite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.229378","article-title":"Recent advances in high performance conducting solid polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"486","author":"Irfan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA11178F","article-title":"Single-ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes: Design, preparation and application","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120549","article-title":"PEO\/PVA\/LiOH Solid Polymer Electrolyte Prepared via Ultrasound-assisted Solution Cast Method","volume":"556","author":"Putri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49993","DOI":"10.1002\/app.49993","article-title":"Semi-interpenetrating gel polymer electrolyte based on PVDF-HFP for lithium ion batteries","volume":"138","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2021.115628","article-title":"Preparation and electrochemical properties of polymer electrolyte containing lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate or lithium bis(oxalate)borate for Li-ion polymer batteries","volume":"364","author":"Kubis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-021-04080-3","article-title":"High-performance gel polymer electrolytes derived from PAN-POSS\/PVDF composite membranes with ionic liquid for lithium ion batteries","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228832","article-title":"Difunctional block copolymer with ion solvating and crosslinking sites as solid polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries","volume":"481","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.09.016","article-title":"Recent advances in organic-inorganic composite solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104690","article-title":"Dendrite-free lithium metal solid battery with a novel polyester based triblock copolymer solid-state electrolyte","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.137141","article-title":"Crosslinked poly(allyl glycidyl ether) with pendant nitrile groups as solid polymer electrolytes for Li\u2013S batteries","volume":"362","author":"Mallela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5796","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA09249E","article-title":"In situ formation of polymer electrolytes using a dicationic imidazolium cross-linker for high-performance lithium ion batteries","volume":"9","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131224","article-title":"A high ion-conducting, self-healing and nonflammable polymer electrolyte with dynamic imine bonds for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries","volume":"428","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130000","article-title":"Flexible, nonflammable, highly conductive and high-safety double cross-linked poly(ionic liquid) as quasi-solid electrolyte for high performance lithium-ion batteries","volume":"421","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c00583","article-title":"Nanophase-Separated, Elastic Epoxy Composite Thin Film as an Electrolyte for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2015.02.011","article-title":"Functional lithium borate salts and their potential application in high performance lithium batteries","volume":"292","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1039\/C0CS00059K","article-title":"Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials","volume":"40","author":"Viau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10070","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA02907H","article-title":"Progress in nitrile-based polymer electrolytes for high performance lithium batteries","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.09.077","article-title":"A novel porous gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(acrylonitrile-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) with high performances for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"545","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.26151","article-title":"Star-shaped polymers having side chain poss groups for solid polymer electrolytes; synthesis, thermal behavior, dimensional stability, and ionic conductivity","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.02.049","article-title":"Solid polymer electrolyte membranes based on organic\/inorganic nanocomposites with star-shaped structure for high performance lithium ion battery","volume":"509","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(87)90309-0","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of ABA block copolymer-based polymer electrolytes","volume":"28","author":"Giles","year":"1987","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00180a018","article-title":"Novel polymer electrolytes based on ABA block copolymers","volume":"21","author":"Gray","year":"1988","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500353","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201500353","article-title":"In Situ Synthesis of a Hierarchical All-Solid-State Electrolyte Based on Nitrile Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804909","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804909","article-title":"Gel\/solid polymer electrolytes characterized by in situ gelation or polymerization for electrochemical energy systems","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804822","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804822","article-title":"Scavenging Materials to Stabilize LiPF6-Containing Carbonate-Based Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43056","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b11259","article-title":"Poly (vinylene carbonate)-based composite polymer electrolyte with enhanced interfacial stability to realize high-performance room-temperature solid-state sodium batteries","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karuppasamy, K., Theerthagiri, J., Vikraman, D., Yim, C.-J., Hussain, S., Sharma, R., Maiyalagan, T., Qin, J., and Kim, H.-S. (2020). Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices: A Brief Review on Their Limits and Applications. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040918"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b19743","article-title":"High-Charge Density Polymerized Ionic Networks Boosting High Ionic Conductivity as Quasi-Solid Electrolytes for High-Voltage Batteries","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604460","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604460","article-title":"Dendrite-Free, High-Rate, Long-Life Lithium Metal Batteries with a 3D Cross-Linked Network Polymer Electrolyte","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.04.018","article-title":"Design and synthesis of ionic-conductive epoxy-based networked polymers","volume":"73","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.01.024","article-title":"A new high ionic conductive gel polymer electrolyte enables highly stable quasi-solid-state lithium sulfur battery","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2018.09.013","article-title":"Development of a PEO-based lithium ion conductive epoxy resin polymer electrolyte","volume":"326","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1021\/nl4034818","article-title":"High-Modulus, High-Conductivity Nanostructured Polymer Electrolyte Membranes via Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation","volume":"14","author":"Schulze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107962","article-title":"Characterization of the adhesive properties between structural battery electrolytes and carbon fibers","volume":"188","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117250","article-title":"Bicontinuously crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes with high ion conductivity and mechanical strength","volume":"589","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3602","article-title":"Single-ion BAB triblock copolymers as highly efficient electrolytes for lithium-metal batteries","volume":"12","author":"Bouchet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA09056D","article-title":"Revisiting polymeric single lithium-ion conductors as an organic route for all-solid-state lithium ion and metal batteries","volume":"7","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00194a046","article-title":"Poly[(\u03b9-carboxy)oligo(oxyethylene) methacrylate] as a new type of polymeric solid electrolyte for alkali-metal ion transport","volume":"22","author":"Tsuchida","year":"1989","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1021\/cm00037a008","article-title":"Attempts at lithium single-ionic conduction by anchoring sulfonate anions as terminating groups of oligo(oxyethylene) side chains in comb-type polyphosphazenes","volume":"6","author":"Tada","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.01.063","article-title":"Lithiated Nafion as polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium sulfur batteries using carbon-sulfur composite cathode","volume":"382","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.7b00289","article-title":"A Nanophase-Separated, Quasi-Solid-State Polymeric Single-Ion Conductor: Polysulfide Exclusion for Lithium\u2013Sulfur Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1021\/cm000420n","article-title":"Li+ Conductivity of Polysiloxane\u2212Trifluoromethylsulfonamide Polyelectrolytes","volume":"13","author":"Siska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.03.074","article-title":"Single-ion polymer electrolytes based on a delocalized polyanion for lithium batteries","volume":"57","author":"Meziane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20267","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02628H","article-title":"A high performance polysiloxane-based single ion conducting polymeric electrolyte membrane for application in lithium ion batteries","volume":"3","author":"Rohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.08.114","article-title":"A new single-ion polymer electrolyte based on polyvinyl alcohol for lithium ion batteries","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.06.173","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Battery Performance of A Lithium Poly (4-vinylphenol) Phenolate Borate Composite Membrane","volume":"139","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202004595","article-title":"Lithium Ion Conduction in Diblock Polymer Electrolyte with Tethered Anion","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4758","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA10745J","article-title":"Highly stretchable, non-flammable and notch-insensitive intrinsic self-healing solid-state polymer electrolyte for stable and safe flexible lithium batteries","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Luo, L., Zhu, J., Qin, H., Liu, P., Sun, Z., Lei, Y., and Jiang, M. (2021). A hybrid lithium sulfonated polyoxadiazole derived single-ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte enabled effective suppression of dendritic lithium growth. Chin. Chem. Lett.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.07.021"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.03.004","article-title":"A solid-state single-ion polymer electrolyte with ultrahigh ionic conductivity for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119601","article-title":"Highly porous single ion conducting membrane via a facile combined \u201cstructural self-assembly\u201d and in-situ polymerization process for high performance lithium metal batteries","volume":"636","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.06.029","article-title":"Lithium (4-styrenesulfonyl) (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide based single-ion polymer electrolyte with superior battery performance","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.118921","article-title":"Fire-retardant sp3 boron-based single ion conducting polymer electrolyte for safe, high efficiency and dendrite-free Li-metal batteries","volume":"620","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22519","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA05787C","article-title":"A sulfonimide-based alternating copolymer as a single-ion polymer electrolyte for high-performance lithium-ion batteries","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC02052B","article-title":"Tetraarylborate polymer networks as single-ion conducting solid electrolytes","volume":"6","author":"Aubrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905771","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201905771","article-title":"A Single-Ion Conducting Borate Network Polymer as a Viable Quasi-Solid Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"32","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(82)90072-8","article-title":"Effects of inert fillers on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of lithium salt-poly(ethylene oxide) polymer electrolytes","volume":"7","author":"Weston","year":"1982","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101380","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202101380","article-title":"High Performance Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang Huy, V.P., So, S., and Hur, J. (2021). Inorganic Fillers in Composite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium and Non-Lithium Polymer Batteries. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11030614"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.108","article-title":"The critical role of inorganic nanofillers in solid polymer composite electrolyte for Li+ transportation","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201904461","article-title":"Recent Progress in Organic\u2013Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem.\u2014A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003675","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003675","article-title":"Solid Polymer Electrolytes with High Conductivity and Transference Number of Li Ions for Li-Based Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160709","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nano-ceramic filler in solid polymer electrolytes: Strategy towards suppressed dendrite formation and enhanced electrochemical performance for safe lithium ion batteries","volume":"882","author":"Sasikumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, H., Wu, M., Wang, R., Wu, S., Li, H., Tian, T., and Tang, H. (2021). Excellent Performances of Composite Polymer Electrolytes with Porous Vinyl-Functionalized SiO2 Nanoparticles for Lithium Metal Batteries. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13152468"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11118","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c02886","article-title":"Safety-Enhanced Flexible Polypropylene Oxide-ZrO2 Composite Solid Electrolyte Film with High Room-Temperature Ionic Conductivity","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.229235","article-title":"A cross-linked gel polymer electrolyte employing cellulose acetate matrix and layered boron nitride filler prepared via in situ thermal polymerization","volume":"484","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c08008","article-title":"Flexible Composite Solid Electrolyte with an Active Inorganic Filler","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.119001","article-title":"Highly dispersible silicon nitride whiskers in asymmetric porous separators for high-performance lithium-ion battery","volume":"621","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.11.010","article-title":"Homogenously dispersed ultrasmall niobium(V) oxide nanoparticles enabling improved ionic conductivity and interfacial compatibility of composite polymer electrolyte","volume":"586","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2020.11.017","article-title":"Unlocking solid-state conversion batteries reinforced by hierarchical microsphere stacked polymer electrolyte","volume":"66","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105698","article-title":"Single Li ion conducting solid-state polymer electrolytes based on carbon quantum dots for Li-metal batteries","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000093","DOI":"10.1002\/aesr.202000093","article-title":"A Structural Battery and its Multifunctional Performance","volume":"2","author":"Asp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Sustain. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA11218F","article-title":"Enhancement of the ionic conductivity of a composite polymer electrolyte via surface functionalization of SSZ-13 zeolite for all-solid-state Li-metal batteries","volume":"9","author":"Jamal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13183","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c22635","article-title":"Open-Structured Nanotubes with Three-Dimensional Ion-Accessible Pathways for Enhanced Li+ Conductivity in Composite Solid Electrolytes","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.230027","article-title":"Interface regulation enabling three-dimensional Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3-reinforced composite solid electrolyte for high-performance lithium batteries","volume":"501","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c17422","article-title":"Electrochemical Characteristics of a Polymer\/Garnet Trilayer Composite Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries","volume":"13","author":"Walle","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.06.030","article-title":"Three\u2013dimensional fiber network reinforced polymer electrolyte for dendrite\u2013free all\u2013solid\u2013state lithium metal batteries","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2020.115412","article-title":"Enhancing Li+ transport kinetics of PEO-based polymer electrolyte with mesoporous silica-derived fillers for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"354","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9214","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA10523F","article-title":"A 2D\u20133D co-conduction effect in PEO-based all-solid-state batteries for long term cycle stability","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3790","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00244A","article-title":"Metal\u2013organic frameworks and zeolite materials as active fillers for lithium-ion battery solid polymer electrolytes","volume":"2","author":"Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2021.01.013","article-title":"MOF-derived multifunctional filler reinforced polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.229946","article-title":"Metal organic framework reinforced polymer electrolyte with high cation transference number to enable dendrite-free solid state Li metal conversion batteries","volume":"501","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37262","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c11476","article-title":"Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Supported Poly(ethylene oxide) Composite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium\/Sodium Metal Batteries","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.02.095","article-title":"Ultraviolet-cured polyethylene oxide-based composite electrolyte enabling stable cycling of lithium battery at low temperature","volume":"596","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6502","DOI":"10.1039\/D1QM00769F","article-title":"Silica-nanoresin crosslinked composite polymer electrolyte for ambient-temperature all-solid-state lithium batteries","volume":"5","author":"Kuai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.02.034","article-title":"An advanced solid polymer electrolyte composed of poly(propylene carbonate) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles for use in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries","volume":"37","author":"Didwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7767","DOI":"10.1039\/D1QM00518A","article-title":"Applying multi-scale silica-like three-dimensional networks in a PEO matrix via in situ crosslinking for high-performance solid composite electrolytes","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20530","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA05410D","article-title":"Surface-modified boron nitride as a filler to achieve high thermal stability of polymer solid-state lithium-metal batteries","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51180","article-title":"Electrochemical analyses of ZrO2 dispersoid incorporated poly (styrene-methyl methacrylate) blend gel electrolytes for lithium-ion battery","volume":"138","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.137348","article-title":"Flexible hybrid solid electrolyte incorporating ligament-shaped Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 filler for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries","volume":"366","author":"Beshahwured","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-020-03891-0","article-title":"Improved ionic conductivity and Li dendrite suppression of PVDF-based solid electrolyte membrane by LLZO incorporation and mechanical reinforcement","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.12.026","article-title":"Heterogeneous electrolyte membranes enabling double-side stable interfaces for solid lithium batteries","volume":"60","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30703","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c07547","article-title":"Rationally Designed PEGDA\u2013LLZTO Composite Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium Batteries","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-021-04176-w","article-title":"Multilayer PEO\/LLZTO composite electrolyte enables high-performance solid-state Li-ion batteries","volume":"27","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127771","article-title":"Rational design of fireproof fiber-network reinforced 3D composite solid electrolyte for dendrite-free solid-state batteries","volume":"421","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8604","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.1c01820","article-title":"Significant Reduction in Interface Resistance and Super-Enhanced Performance of Lithium-Metal Battery by In Situ Construction of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Based Solid-State Membrane with Dual Ceramic Fillers","volume":"4","author":"Siyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.06.009","article-title":"Solid electrolytes reinforced by infinite coordination polymer nano-network for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.04.024","article-title":"Thermal and diffusion induced stresses in a structural battery under galvanostatic cycling","volume":"179","author":"Carlstedt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1021\/cm070213o","article-title":"Electrochemical and Mechanical Behavior in Mechanically Robust Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Use in Multifunctional Structural Batteries","volume":"19","author":"Snyder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-0568(84)90040-X","article-title":"Microtexture and structure of some high-modulus, PAN-base carbon fibres","volume":"20","author":"Guigon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fibre Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.11.007","article-title":"Factors controlling the strength of carbon fibres in tension","volume":"57","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A215","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3065070","article-title":"Evaluation of Commercially Available Carbon Fibers, Fabrics, and Papers for Potential Use in Multifunctional Energy Storage Applications","volume":"156","author":"Snyder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder, J., O\u2019Brien, D., Baechle, D., Mattson, D., and Wetzel, E. (2008, January 28\u201330). Structural Composite Capacitors, Supercapacitors, and Batteries for U.S. Army Applications. Proceedings of the ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Ellicott City, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/SMASIS2008-315"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2008.09.082","article-title":"Design and fabrication of multifunctional structural batteries","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1179\/174328910X12647080902259","article-title":"Structural batteries made from fibre reinforced composites","volume":"39","author":"Ekstedt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plast. Rubber Compos."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danzi, F., Camanho, P.P., and Braga, M.H. (2021). An all-solid-state coaxial structural battery using sodium-based electrolyte. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175226"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salgado, R.M., Danzi, F., Oliveira, J.E., El-Azab, A., Camanho, P.P., and Braga, M.H. (2021). The latest trends in Electric Vehicles batteries. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113188"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227175","article-title":"Challenges and development of composite solid-state electrolytes for high-performance lithium ion batteries","volume":"441","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807789","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201807789","article-title":"Extended Electrochemical Window of Solid Electrolytes via Heterogeneous Multilayered Structure for High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"31","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6113","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b01421","article-title":"PVDF\/Palygorskite Nanowire Composite Electrolyte for 4 V Rechargeable Lithium Batteries with High Energy Density","volume":"18","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900611","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201900611","article-title":"In Situ Generated Fireproof Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Li6.4Ga0.2La3Zr2O12 As Initiator and Ion-Conductive Filler","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26920","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b07830","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Garnet Framework-Reinforced Solid Composite Electrolytes with High Lithium-Ion Conductivity and Excellent Stability","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.02.004","article-title":"Anion-regulated solid polymer electrolyte enhances the stable deposition of lithium ion for lithium metal batteries","volume":"417","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.01.007","article-title":"Anion-immobilized polymer electrolyte achieved by cationic metal-organic framework filler for dendrite-free solid-state batteries","volume":"18","author":"Huo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11069","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA00634F","article-title":"g-C3N4 nanosheets enhanced solid polymer electrolytes with excellent electrochemical performance, mechanical properties, and thermal stability","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25652","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA04684G","article-title":"Structural lithium ion battery electrolytes via reaction induced phase-separation","volume":"5","author":"Ihrner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b00563","article-title":"Bicontinuous Electrolytes via Thermally Initiated Polymerization for Structural Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.08.003","article-title":"Carbon fiber reinforced structural lithium-ion battery composite: Multifunctional power integration for CubeSats","volume":"24","author":"Moyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/3\/403\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:04:32Z","timestamp":1760133872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/3\/403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"references-count":194,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14030403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14030403","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]}}}