{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:22:51Z","timestamp":1777396971724,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144346\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144346\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006111","name":"Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020 and UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020 and UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Horizon2020, IA \u2013 Innovation Action, Grant agreement ID 862156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Horizon2020, IA \u2013 Innovation Action, Grant agreement ID 862156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our society lives in a time of transition where traditional petroleum-based polymers\/plastics are being replaced by more sustainable alternative materials. To consider these bioproducts as more viable options than the actual ones, it is demanded to ensure that they are fully biodegradable or compostable and that there is no release of hazardous compounds to the environment with their degradation. It is then essential to adapt the legislation to support novel specific guidelines to test the biodegradability of each biopolymer in varied environments, and consequently, establish consistent data to design a coherent labeling system. This review work aims to point out the current standards that can serve as a basis for the characterization of biopolymers\u2019 biodegradation profile in different environments (soil, compost, and aquatic systems) and identify other laboratory methodologies that have been adopted for the same purpose. With the information gathered in this work, it was possible to identify remaining gaps in existing national and international standards to help establish new validation criteria to be introduced in future research and policies related to bioplastics to boost the sustainable progress of this rising industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:29:36Z","timestamp":1648416576000},"page":"1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Methodologies to Assess the Biodegradability of Bio-Based Polymers\u2014Current Knowledge and Existing Gaps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1849-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Ricardo Afonso","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRiCS, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Biomassa, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Campus de Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8381-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Gomes Lauriano","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRiCS, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Biomassa, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Campus de Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga s\/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4502-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Fuci\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga s\/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6637-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pastrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga s\/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRiCS, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Biomassa, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Campus de Caparica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91334-6_98","article-title":"Production of Nanocellulose from Lignocellulosic Biomass Wastes: Prospects and Limitations","volume":"Volume 505","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innovation, Engineering and Entrepreneurship"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900383","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201900383","article-title":"How do bioplastics and fossil-based plastics play in a circular economy?","volume":"304","author":"Kawashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. 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