{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:47:04Z","timestamp":1761745624650,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A vast number of adhesive formulations exist currently. However, available adhesives still have several drawbacks such as increased hydrophilicity, polymerization deficiency, potential cytotoxicity and limited monomer interdiffusion within dentin. To improve material properties, a Bisphenol A-free adhesive containing a novel dendrimer G(2)-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (G-IEMA) in replacement of Bis-GMA was made and tested. Sound human molars were sectioned to expose mid-coronal dentin, which was bonded using four adhesives\u2014Futurabond, Scotchbond Universal and experimentals EM1 and EM2. The experimental adhesive EM2 contained G-IEMA, while EM1 had Bis-GMA. Groups were further allocated to two different adhesive strategies: etch-and-rinse (20 s etching) or self-etch. Immediate (24 h) microtensile bond strength to dentin (n = 5) was tested using a universal testing machine (1 mm\/min, 5 kN; Shimadzu AGS-X Autograph, Tokyo, Japan), while the ultrastructure of the interface (n = 2) was assessed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Nanoleakage expression was evaluated using silver nitrate penetration and posterior SEM-EDS analysis (n = 3). Linear mixed models\/Generalized models were used for inferential statistics (5% significance level). Bond strength results did not depend on the adhesive choice, although differences were found between strategies (p &lt; 0.001). Regarding nanoleakage, when applied in an etch-and-rinse mode, experimental adhesives scored lower nanoleakage means than Futurabond and Scotchbond Universal. The novel adhesive shows interesting interfacial properties, with favorable nanoleakage results and a bond strength to dentin that matches current commercial adhesives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T06:04:01Z","timestamp":1648965841000},"page":"1462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improving Properties of an Experimental Universal Adhesive by Adding a Multifunctional Dendrimer (G-IEMA): Bond Strength and Nanoleakage Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Vasconcelos e Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio H. S.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Division of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8558-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3654-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Polido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.11.157","article-title":"A review of adhesion science","volume":"26","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. 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