{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:41:50Z","timestamp":1773780110525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"ERDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI -01 -0247 -FEDER -047012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI -01 -0247 -FEDER -047012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising threats to worldwide security (affecting the military, first responders, and civilians) urge us to develop efficient and versatile technological solutions to protect human beings. Soldiers, medical personnel, firefighters, and law enforcement officers should be adequately protected, so that their exposure to biological warfare agents (BWAs) is minimized, and infectious microorganisms cannot be spread so easily. Current bioprotective military garments include multilayered fabrics integrating activated carbon as a sorptive agent and a separate filtrating layer for passive protection. However, secondary contaminants emerge following their accumulation within the carbon filler. The clothing becomes too heavy and warm to wear, not breathable even, preventing the wearer from working for extended hours. Hence, a strong need exists to select and\/or create selectively permeable layered fibrous structures with bioactive agents that offer an efficient filtering capability and biocidal skills, ensuring lightweightness, comfort, and multifunctionality. This review aims to showcase the main possibilities and trends of bioprotective textiles, focusing on metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs), inorganic nanoparticles (e.g., ZnO-based), and organic players such as chitosan (CS)-based small-scale particles and plant-derived compounds as bioactive agents. The textile itself should be further evaluated as the foundation for the barrier effect and in terms of comfort. The outputs of a thorough, standardized characterization should dictate the best elements for each approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14081599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Recent Trends in Protective Textiles against Biological Threats: A Focus on Biological Warfare Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joana C.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5502-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas P.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biofilmes Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1566-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0317-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biofilmes Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J.C., Fangueiro, R., and Ferreira, D.P. 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