{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:40:00Z","timestamp":1760229600675,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portugal 2020 through European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the frame of COMPETE 2020 n\u00ba 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["Project InPaCTus\u2014Innovative Products and Technologies from Eucalyptus, Project N\u00ba 21874","UIDB\/00195\/2020","UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project InPaCTus\u2014Innovative Products and Technologies from Eucalyptus, Project N\u00ba 21874","UIDB\/00195\/2020","UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["Project InPaCTus\u2014Innovative Products and Technologies from Eucalyptus, Project N\u00ba 21874","UIDB\/00195\/2020","UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project InPaCTus\u2014Innovative Products and Technologies from Eucalyptus, Project N\u00ba 21874","UIDB\/00195\/2020","UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The embossing operation is one of the processes of tissue paper converting. The embossing parameters influence the final properties of tissue products, such as mechanical, softness, and bulk. In this study, the influence of the rubber hardness used against the embossing steel rolls with a pattern created by intaglio engraving was studied. Three different configurations of rubber plates stacking, each plate with different hardness, were studied. After embossing, mechanical properties, softness, and bulk were evaluated to analyze the effect of rubbers hardness on these properties. Furthermore, a Finite Element Model of the embossing operation was used that considered the same rubber plates stacking configurations used in experiments, and it was able to replicate the experimental results. This work led us to conclude that the configuration where two rubber plates with different hardness, where the rubber plate with higher hardness is in contact with the tissue paper sheet, has shown to be the best solution to obtain higher softness. These findings support the use of embossing operations rubber rolls with a low hardness internal layer and a high hardness external layer in industry. Thus, finite element models were also shown to be reliable tools to virtually test other configurations, such as, for example, three or more rubber plates with different hardness. Since embossing is one of the tissue paper transformation operations with the greatest impact on the key properties of the final product, this study allows the producer to optimize them by varying the hardness of the rubber roll, as well as its configuration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"2485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["FEM Analysis Validation of Rubber Hardness Impact on Mechanical and Softness Properties of Embossed Industrial Base Tissue Papers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6098-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Costa","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio de O.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Leite","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Aeronautical Engineering Department, S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 05508-060, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6165-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Costa","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), University da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest and Paper Research Institute (RAIZ), R. Jos\u00e9 Estev\u00e3o, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7374-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Torr\u00e3o","family":"Fiadeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hilbig, K., Liplijn, M., and Reinheimer, H. (2020, October 21). Method of Making a Thick and Smooth Embossed Tissue. Available online: https:\/\/www.freepatentsonline.com\/20050230069.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lofink, B. (2020, October 21). Device for Applying an Embossing to a Web of Tissue Paper. Available online: https:\/\/patents.justia.com\/patent\/20030010228."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Biagiotti, M. (2019, January 08). Tissue Embossing Developments|The Tissue Story. Available online: https:\/\/www.tissuestory.com\/2017\/11\/21\/tissue-embossing-developments\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, October 21). Skapa Roll Covers for the Paper Industry-World of Roll Covers. Available online: http:\/\/vit-group.com\/skapa\/test\/download\/Produktprospekt_GB.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, October 21). Hannecard Embossing Roll (Tissue). Available online: https:\/\/www.hannecard.com\/en\/industries\/tissue\/paper-tissue-converting\/embossing-roll-tissue\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Huff, S., and Bell, J. (2005). 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Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/12\/2485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:34:35Z","timestamp":1760139275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/12\/2485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14122485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14122485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]}}}