{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T01:21:54Z","timestamp":1769908914978,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER funds through the program COMPET\u2013Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are frequently used in marine environments which may limit their durability. The development of accurate engineering tools capable of simulating the effect of seawater on material strength can improve design and reduce structural costs. This paper presents a numerical-based approach to predict the stress\u2013strain response of fiber-reinforced polymer composites exposed to different seawater immersion times, ranging from 0 to 900 days. A three-dimensional numerical model has been implemented using a static implicit finite element analysis along with a user-defined material (UMAT) subroutine. Puck\u2019s failure criterion was used for ultimate failure analysis of the laminates, while Fick\u2019s first diffusion law was used to predict the seawater absorption rate. Overall, the simulated stress\u2013strain curves were close to those obtained experimentally. Moreover, the model agreed well with the experimental data regarding the maximum stress and the strain at failure leading to maximum errors lower than 9% and 11%, respectively. Additionally, the simulated strain fields agreed well with the experimental results measured by digital image correlation. Finally, the proposed procedure was also used to identify the most critical surfaces to protect the mechanical components from marine environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14193955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T23:07:55Z","timestamp":1663888075000},"page":"3955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Numerical Modeling of Damage Caused by Seawater Exposure on Mechanical Strength in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4101-3022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Vidinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2471-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Augusta","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5237-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111427","article-title":"Fatigue behavior of concrete beams reinforced with glass and carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP\/CFRP) bars after exposure to elevated temperatures","volume":"229","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. 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