{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:25:56Z","timestamp":1760232356192,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPES","award":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MCTI","award":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84336650","2021-TBG0J","304049\/2019-0","427054\/2018-4","310709\/2021-0","2784\/20","2021.00667.CEECIND","PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/0415\/2021","UIDB\/50025\/2020","UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an analysis of the mechanical properties of different polymer optical fibers (POFs) at ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions. Cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) optical fibers are used in these analyses. In this case, the fiber samples are irradiated at the same wavelength, pulse time and energy conditions for different times, namely, 10 s, 1 min, 2 min and 3 min. The samples are tested in tensile tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) to infer the variation in the static and dynamic properties of such fibers as a function of the UV radiation condition. Furthermore, reference samples of each fiber (without UV radiation) are tested for comparison purposes. The results show a lower UV resistance of PMMA fibers, i.e., higher variation in the material features in static conditions (Young\u2019s modulus variation of 0.65 GPa). In addition, CYTOP fiber (material known for its high UV resistance related to its optical properties) also presented Young\u2019s modulus variation of around 0.38 GPa. The reason for this reduction in the moduli is related to possible localized annealing due to thermal effects when the fibers are subjected to UV radiation. The dynamic results also indicated a higher variation in the PMMA fibers storage modulus, which is around 30% higher than the variations in the CYTOP fibers when different radiation conditions are analyzed. However, CYTOP fibers show a smaller operational temperature range and higher variation in the storage modulus as a function of the temperature when compared with PMMA fibers. In contrast, PMMA fibers show higher variations in their material properties when subjected to oscillatory loads at different frequency conditions. Thus, the results obtained in this work can be used as guidelines for the influence of UV radiation in POFs not only for the material choice, but also on the limitations of UV radiation in the fabrication of the grating as well as in sensor applications at UV radiation conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"4496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of UV Radiation on Mechanical Properties of Polymer Optical Fibers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Leal-Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4670-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertson","family":"Pires-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0687-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselmo","family":"Frizera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A. F.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092004","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/9\/092004","article-title":"Fibre Bragg grating sensors in polymer optical fibres","volume":"26","author":"Webb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.89.045003","article-title":"Hybrid photonic-crystal fiber","volume":"89","author":"Markos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2944906","article-title":"Optical Fiber Specklegram Sensors for Mechanical Measurements: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Frizera","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/asiamat.2009.2","article-title":"The future of plastic optical fiber","volume":"1","author":"Koike","year":"2009","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12893","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.012893","article-title":"Low loss graded index polymer optical fiber with high stability under damp heat conditions","volume":"20","author":"Makino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.004581","article-title":"Polarization effects in polymer FBGs: Study and use for transverse force sensing","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.001206","article-title":"Temperature insensitive hysteresis free highly sensitive polymer optical fiber Bragg grating humidity sensor","volume":"24","author":"Woyessa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4758","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.004758","article-title":"High-Tg TOPAS microstructured polymer optical fiber for fiber Bragg grating strain sensing at 110 degrees","volume":"21","author":"Markos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2668524","article-title":"Low Loss Polycarbonate Polymer Optical Fiber for High Temperature FBG Humidity Sensing","volume":"29","author":"Woyessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.2238","article-title":"Femtosecond laser inscribed Bragg grating arrays in long lengths of polymer optical fibres; a route to practical sensing with POF","volume":"52","author":"Lacraz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2011.02.005","article-title":"Analysis of multimode POF gratings in stress and strain sensing applications","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal-Junior, A., Theodosiou, A., D\u00edaz, C., Marques, C., Pontes, M., Kalli, K., and Frizera-Neto, A. (2018). Fiber Bragg Gratings in CYTOP Fibers Embedded in a 3D-Printed Flexible Support for Assessment of Human\u2013Robot Interaction Forces. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11112305"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Large, M.C.J., Poladian, L., Barton, G.W., and van Eijkelenborg, M.A. (2008). Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibres, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68617-2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, C., Leal-Junior, A., Min, R., Domingues, M., Leit\u00e3o, C., Antunes, P., Ortega, B., and Andr\u00e9, P. (2018). Advances on Polymer Optical Fiber Gratings Using a KrF Pulsed Laser System Operating at 248 nm. Fibers, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib6010013"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5270","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.005270","article-title":"Bragg grating writing in PMMA microstructured polymer optical fibers in less than 7 minutes","volume":"22","author":"Bundalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19731","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.019731","article-title":"Humidity insensitive TOPAS polymer fiber Bragg grating sensor","volume":"19","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10181","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.010181","article-title":"Bragg gratings in a few mode microstructured polymer optical fiber in less than 30 s","volume":"23","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2017.02.009","article-title":"Analytical model for a polymer optical fiber under dynamic bending","volume":"93","author":"Frizera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034014","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/3\/034014","article-title":"The role of viscoelastic properties in strain testing using microstructured polymer optical fibres (mPOF)","volume":"20","author":"Large","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.7.000967","article-title":"Long-term strain response of polymer optical fiber FBG sensors","volume":"7","author":"Bundalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2208951","article-title":"Dynamic characterization of polymer optical fibers","volume":"12","author":"Stefani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.003026","article-title":"Humidity responsivity of poly(methyl methacrylate)-based optical fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2042952","article-title":"Water diffusion into UV inscripted long period grating in microstructured polymer fiber","volume":"10","author":"Cruz","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.04.016","article-title":"Mechanical properties characterization of polymethyl methacrylate polymer optical fibers after thermal and chemical treatments","volume":"43","author":"Frizera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.102079","article-title":"Recent trends and advances of fibre Bragg grating sensors in CYTOP polymer optical fibres","volume":"54","author":"Theodosiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9221","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2921419","article-title":"Plane-by-Plane Written, Low-Loss Polymer Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays for Multiparameter Sensing in a Smart Walker","volume":"19","author":"Frizera","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, R., Ortega, B., and Marques, C. (2019). Latest achievements in polymer optical fiber gratings: Fabrication and applications. Photonics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics6020036"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.06.023","article-title":"Influence of ultraviolet radiation on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)","volume":"8","author":"Monsores","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakes, R. (2009). Viscoelastic Materials, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626722"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2678481","article-title":"Solution-Mediated Annealing of Polymer Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings at Room Temperature","volume":"29","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2015.12.006","article-title":"Molecular alignment relaxation in polymer optical fibers for sensing applications","volume":"28","author":"Stajanca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menard, K. (1999). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: A Practical Introduction, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420049183"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.001253","article-title":"Single mode step-index polymer optical fiber for humidity insensitive high temperature fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"24","author":"Woyessa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12719","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3040987","article-title":"Diaphragm-Embedded Optical Fiber Sensors: A Review and Tutorial","volume":"21","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/21\/4496\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:45Z","timestamp":1760144505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/21\/4496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14214496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14214496","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]}}}