{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1768744078903,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, e Ensino Superior","award":["FCT\/MCTES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/MCTES"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, e Ensino Superior","award":["PTDC\/ARTOUT\/29692\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ARTOUT\/29692\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, e Ensino Superior","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia, e Ensino Superior","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cPlasCO2\u2014Green CO2 Technologies for the Cleaning of Plastics in Museums and Heritage Collections\u201d","award":["FCT\/MCTES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/MCTES"]}]},{"name":"\u201cPlasCO2\u2014Green CO2 Technologies for the Cleaning of Plastics in Museums and Heritage Collections\u201d","award":["PTDC\/ARTOUT\/29692\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ARTOUT\/29692\/2017"]}]},{"name":"\u201cPlasCO2\u2014Green CO2 Technologies for the Cleaning of Plastics in Museums and Heritage Collections\u201d","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cPlasCO2\u2014Green CO2 Technologies for the Cleaning of Plastics in Museums and Heritage Collections\u201d","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)","award":["FCT\/MCTES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/MCTES"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)","award":["PTDC\/ARTOUT\/29692\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ARTOUT\/29692\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface cleaning of plastic materials of historical value can be challenging due to the high risk of inducing detrimental effects and visual alterations. As a result, recent studies have focused on researching new approaches that might reduce the associated hazards and, at the same time, minimize the environmental impact by employing biodegradable and green materials. In this context, the present work investigates the effects and potential suitability of dense carbon dioxide (CO2) as an alternative and green solvent for cleaning plastic materials of historical value. The results of extensive trials with CO2 in different phases (supercritical, liquid, and vapor) and under various conditions (pressure, temperature, exposure, and depressurization time) are reported for new, transparent, thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples. The impact of CO2 on the weight, the appearance of the samples (dimensions, color, gloss, and surface texture), and modifications to their physicochemical and mechanical properties were monitored via a multi-analytical approach that included optical microscopy, Raman and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopies, and micro-indentation (Vickers hardness). Results showed that CO2 induced undesirable and irreversible changes in PMMA samples (i.e., formation of fractures and stress-induced cracking, drastic decrease in the surface hardness of the samples), independent of the conditions used (i.e., temperature, pressure, CO2 phase, and exposure time).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T03:48:08Z","timestamp":1674445688000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessing the Impact and Suitability of Dense Carbon Dioxide as a Green Solvent for the Treatment of PMMA of Historical Value"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Bartoletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Shashoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Quye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, School of Culture and Creative Arts, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QH, UK"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Casimiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6899-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Lia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interuniversit\u00e1rio de Hist\u00f3ria das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia, Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Quye, A., and Williamson, C. 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