{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:29:00Z","timestamp":1776184140389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE 2020 program and the Regional Operational Program of Lisbon\u2014LISBOA2020","award":["46991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46991"]}]},{"name":"FEDER through the COMPETE 2020 program and the Regional Operational Program of Lisbon\u2014LISBOA2020","award":["61160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61160"]}]},{"name":"EYOND ECOBOND\u2014Development of new monocomponent, self-reactive adhesives, through microencapsulation techniques","award":["46991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46991"]}]},{"name":"EYOND ECOBOND\u2014Development of new monocomponent, self-reactive adhesives, through microencapsulation techniques","award":["61160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61160"]}]},{"name":"SEALCORK\u2014Expansible microcapsules for cork stoppers","award":["46991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46991"]}]},{"name":"SEALCORK\u2014Expansible microcapsules for cork stoppers","award":["61160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61160"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), a biodegradable flexible, and tough polymer is herein used, for the first time, to encapsulate and protect isocyanate derivatives. Isocyanates are essential building blocks widely employed in the chemical industry for the production of high-performing materials. Microencapsulation of isocyanates eliminates the risks associated with their direct handling and protects them from moisture. In light of this, and having in mind eco-innovative products and sustainability, we present a straightforward process to encapsulate isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) using this biodegradable polymer. Spherical and core-shell microcapsules (MCs) were produced by an emulsion system combined with the solvent evaporation method. The MCs present a regular surface, without holes or cracks, with a thin shell and high isocyanate loadings, up to 79 wt%. Additionally, the MCs showed very good isocyanate protection if not dispersed in organic or aqueous solutions. Effects of various process parameters were systematically studied, showing that a higher stirring speed (1000 rpm) and emulsifier amount (2.5 g), as well as a smaller PBAT amount (1.60 g), lead to smaller MCs and narrower size distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T09:18:21Z","timestamp":1675070301000},"page":"665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biodegradable Microcapsules of Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) as Isocyanate Carriers and the Effect of the Process Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIPADE\u2014Ind\u00fastria e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Adesivos, SA., Av. Primeiro de Maio 121, 3700-227 S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o da Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Mariquito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPADE\u2014Ind\u00fastria e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Adesivos, SA., Av. Primeiro de Maio 121, 3700-227 S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o da Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szycher, M. (1999). Szycher\u2019s Handbook of Polyurethanes, CRC Press. [1st ed.]. Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482273984"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5665","article-title":"Polyurethanes for coatings and adhesives\u2014Chemistry and applications","volume":"68","author":"Golling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000278","article-title":"Isocyanates and human health: Multistakeholder information needs and research priorities","volume":"57","author":"Lockey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqn007","article-title":"Fifteen-year trends in occupational asthma: Data from the shield surveillance scheme","volume":"58","author":"Bakerly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20076","article-title":"Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics","volume":"46","author":"Bello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2021.1988939","article-title":"Preparation of isocyanate microcapsules by interfacial polymerization\/in-situ polymerization and their application in wood adhesives","volume":"98","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.02.030","article-title":"Micro and nano encapsulation, retention and controlled release of flavor and aroma compounds: A critical review","volume":"86","author":"Saifullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2021.1921068","article-title":"Microencapsulation of reactive isocyanates for application in self-healing materials: A review","volume":"38","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c01277","article-title":"Rapid underwater adhesive utilizing crosslinker and amine catalyst-filled microcapsules","volume":"3","author":"Messersmith","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149114","article-title":"Robust and impermeable metal shell microcapsules for one-component self-healing coatings","volume":"546","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"65","article-title":"Microencapsulation: A promising technique for controlled drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.131366","article-title":"Recent progress in preparation of microcapsules with tailored structures for bio-medical applications","volume":"1248","author":"Ghiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2015.1115900","article-title":"Encapsulation of cosmetic active ingredients for topical application\u2014A review","volume":"33","author":"Casanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.02.024","article-title":"Microencapsulation of essential oils with biodegradable polymeric carriers for cosmetic applications","volume":"245","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lengyel, M., K\u00e1llai-Szab\u00f3, N., Antal, V., Laki, A.J., and Antal, I. (2019). Microparticles, microspheres, and microcapsules for advanced drug delivery. Sci. Pharm., 87.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm87030020"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.10.006","article-title":"Development of phase change materials based microencapsulated technology for buildings: A review","volume":"15","author":"Tyagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48039","DOI":"10.1002\/app.48039","article-title":"Material encapsulation in poly(methyl methacrylate) shell: A review","volume":"136","author":"Ahangaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.07.018","article-title":"Microencapsulation by solvent evaporation: State of the art for process engineering approaches","volume":"363","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(97)00049-5","article-title":"Preparation of microspheres by the solvent evaporation technique","volume":"28","author":"McGinity","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.02.078","article-title":"Biodegradable polymeric microcapsules: Preparation and properties","volume":"169","author":"Sawalha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-2062-2","article-title":"Effect of different surface active polysaccharide derivatives on the formation of ethyl cellulose particles by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method","volume":"25","author":"Elschner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J., and Lemons, J.E. (2013). Biomaterials Science, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbaniak, T., and Musia\u0142, W. (2019). Influence of solvent evaporation technique parameters on diameter of submicron lamivudine-poly-\u03b5-caprolactone conjugate particles. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091240"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, S.C., Kennedy, J.F., Miraftab, M., and Rajendran, S. (2010). Medical and Healthcare Textiles, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857090348"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0126(199812)47:4<413::AID-PI77>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Preparation of ethyl cellulose microcapsules containing perphenazine and polymeric perphenazine based on acryloyl chloride for physical and chemical studies of drug release control","volume":"47","author":"Zandi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50482","DOI":"10.1002\/app.50482","article-title":"Chitosan microcapsules: Methods of the production and use in the textile finishing","volume":"138","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40691-020-00230-9","article-title":"Properties analysis of crosslinked chitosan microcapsules by multiple emulsification method","volume":"8","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fash. Text."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34674","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34674","article-title":"Electrosprayed multi-core alginate microcapsules as novel self-healing containers","volume":"6","author":"Hia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.02.095","article-title":"Controllable preparation of monodisperse alginate microcapsules with oil cores","volume":"569","author":"Mou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91463","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA22615A","article-title":"Preparation of polyacrylamide microspheres with core-shell structure via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabatini, V., Pellicano, L., Farina, H., Pargoletti, E., Annunziata, L., Ortenzi, M.A., Stori, A., and Cappelletti, G. (2021). Design of new polyacrylate microcapsules to modify the water-soluble active substances release. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050809"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.071","article-title":"Assessing the efficiency of essential oil and active compounds\/poly (lactic acid) microcapsules against common foodborne pathogens","volume":"186","author":"Campini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlachopoulos, A., Karlioti, G., Balla, E., Daniilidis, V., Kalamas, T., Stefanidou, M., Bikiaris, N.D., Christodoulou, E., Koumentakou, I., and Karavas, E. (2022). Poly(lactic acid)-based microparticles for drug delivery applications: An overview of recent advances. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020359"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00185","article-title":"Bioerodable PLGA-based microparticles for producing sustained-release drug formulations and strategies for improving drug loading","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-015-0413-y","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of PLGA shell microcapsules containing aqueous cores prepared by internal phase separation","volume":"17","author":"Abulateefeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135548","article-title":"Polycaprolactone microcapsules containing citric acid and naringin for plant growth and sustainable agriculture: Physico-chemical properties and release behavior","volume":"703","author":"Cesari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13416","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-021-06156-x","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels with two different rates of drug release based on pluronic\/water system filled with poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) microcapsules","volume":"56","author":"Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9650","DOI":"10.1021\/ma801718v","article-title":"Microencapsulation of isocyanates for self-healing polymers","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-019-04301-1","article-title":"The role played by different active hydrogen sources in the microencapsulation of a commercial oligomeric diisocyanate","volume":"55","author":"Loureiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c00535","article-title":"Microencapsulation of isocyanate in biodegradable poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) capsules and application in monocomponent green adhesives","volume":"2","author":"Loureiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1021\/bm050581q","article-title":"Study of biodegradable polylactide\/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107605","article-title":"Characterization of Rosewood and Cinnamon Cassia essential oil polymeric capsules: Stability, loading efficiency, release rate and antimicrobial properties","volume":"121","author":"Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2019.105445","article-title":"Autonomous self-healing in epoxy coatings provided by high efficiency isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) microcapsules for protection of carbon steel","volume":"139","author":"Attaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.01.023","article-title":"A novel methodology to study polymodal particle size distributions produced during continuous wet granulation","volume":"519","author":"Halbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, December 27). The Jamovi Project 2021 Jamovi Version 2.3.21 Computer Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2009.03.061","article-title":"Janus-like polymer particles prepared via internal phase separation from emulsified polymer\/oil droplets","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5698","article-title":"Preparation of poly(methylmethacrylate) microcapsules with liquid cores","volume":"208","author":"Loxley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-012-0534-2","article-title":"Spectral characterization of four kinds of biodegradable plastics: Poly (lactic acid), poly (butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate), poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) and poly (butylenes succinate) with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-020-03339-5","article-title":"Structural, thermal and mechanical properties of composites of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) with wheat straw microcrystalline cellulose","volume":"78","author":"Giri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16214","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA00213J","article-title":"Polyurethane microcapsules for self-healing paint coatings","volume":"4","author":"Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.05.051","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules filled with epoxy resins","volume":"47","author":"Yuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.01.011","article-title":"Effects of processing conditions of poly(methylmethacrylate) encapsulated liquid curing agent on the properties of self-healing composites","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2014-0032","article-title":"Influence of different formulations and process parameters during the preparation of drug-loaded PLGA microspheres evaluated by multivariate data analysis","volume":"64","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2010.515247","article-title":"Preparation and characterisation of nanoparticles containing ketoprofen and acrylic polymers prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method","volume":"7","author":"Hoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.01.012","article-title":"Effects of process parameters on the colloidal properties of polycaprolactone microparticles prepared by double emulsion like process","volume":"445","author":"Ibraheem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.05.018","article-title":"Influence of oat components on lipid digestion using an in vitro model: Impact of viscosity and depletion flocculation mechanism","volume":"83","author":"Grundy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.12.008","article-title":"Exploiting thermally-reversible covalent bonds for the controlled release of microencapsulated isocyanate crosslinkers","volume":"135","author":"Budd","year":"2019","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1177\/0954008319897745","article-title":"Optimized synthesis of isocyanate microcapsules for self-healing application in epoxy composites","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Perform. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2019.1625039","article-title":"Synthesis of isocyanate microcapsules as functional crosslinking agent for wood adhesive","volume":"97","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8262","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-03236-3","article-title":"Self-healing isocyanate microcapsules for efficient restoration of fracture damage of polyurethane and epoxy resins","volume":"54","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2013.02.006","article-title":"An efficient method for the output of new self-repairing materials through a reactive isocyanate encapsulation","volume":"49","author":"Levi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.04.046","article-title":"Chemically and thermally stable isocyanate microcapsules having good self-healing and self-lubricating performances","volume":"346","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13749","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02288F","article-title":"Multilayer composite microcapsules synthesized by pickering emulsion templates and their application in self-healing coating","volume":"3","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PY01448K","article-title":"Efficient microencapsulation of a liquid isocyanate with in situ shell functionalization","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/3\/665\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:17:55Z","timestamp":1760120275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/3\/665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15030665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15030665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]}}}