{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T08:17:53Z","timestamp":1778228273824,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Manchester","award":["EP\/R01513\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R01513\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R01513\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R01513\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the accelerated hydrolytic degradation process of both anatomically designed bone scaffolds with a pore size gradient and a rectangular shape (biomimetically designed scaffolds or bone bricks). The effect of material composition is investigated considering poly-\u03b5-caprolactone (PCL) as the main scaffold material, reinforced with ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA), \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and bioglass at a concentration of 20 wt%. In the case of rectangular scaffolds, the effect of pore size (200 \u03bcm, 300 \u03bcm and 500 \u03bcm) is also investigated. The degradation process (accelerated degradation) was investigated during a period of 5 days in a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) medium. Degraded bone bricks and rectangular scaffolds were measured each day to evaluate the weight loss of the samples, which were also morphologically, thermally, chemically and mechanically assessed. The results show that the PCL\/bioglass bone brick scaffolds exhibited faster degradation kinetics in comparison with the PCL, PCL\/HA and PCL\/TCP bone bricks. Furthermore, the degradation kinetics of rectangular scaffolds increased by increasing the pore size from 500 \u03bcm to 200 \u03bcm. The results also indicate that, for the same material composition, bone bricks degrade slower compared with rectangular scaffolds. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the degradation process was faster on the external regions of the bone brick scaffolds (600 \u03bcm pore size) compared with the internal regions (200 \u03bcm pore size). The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the ceramic concentration remained constant throughout the degradation process, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that all scaffolds exhibited a reduction in crystallinity (Xc), enthalpy (\u0394m) and melting temperature (Tm) throughout the degradation process, while the glass transition temperature (Tg) slightly increased. Finally, the compression results show that the mechanical properties decreased during the degradation process, with PCL\/bioglass bone bricks and rectangular scaffolds presenting higher mechanical properties with the same design in comparison with the other materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T09:18:21Z","timestamp":1675070301000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Accelerated Degradation of Poly-\u03b5-caprolactone Composite Scaffolds for Large Bone Defects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3855-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0832-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Abdalla M.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Anil A.","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9568-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7232-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Weightman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon","family":"Blunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9073-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahattin","family":"Koc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2018.112","article-title":"Systematic characterization of 3D-printed PCL\/\u03b2-TCP scaffolds for biomedical devices and bone tissue engineering: Influence of composition and porosity","volume":"33","author":"Bruyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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