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Another benefit of marine-origin gelatin is that it can be produced from fish processing-products enabling high production at low cost. Recent studies have demonstrated the excellent capacity of gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA)-based hydrogels in a wide range of biomedical applications due to their suitable biological properties and tunable physical characteristics, such as tissue engineering applications, including the engineering of cartilage. In this study, fish gelatin was obtained from Greenland halibut skins by an acidic extraction method and further functionalized by methacrylation using methacrylic anhydride, developing a photosensitive gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) with a degree of functionalization of 58%. The produced marine GelMA allowed the fabrication of photo-crosslinked hydrogels by incorporating a photoinitiator and UV light exposure. To improve the biological performance, GelMA was combined with two glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). GAGs methacrylation reaction was necessary, rendering methacrylated HA (HAMA) and methacrylated CS (CSMA). Three different concentrations of GelMA were combined with CSMA and HAMA at different ratios to produce biomechanically stable hydrogels with tunable physicochemical features. The 20% (w\/v) GelMA-based hydrogels produced in this work were tested as a matrix for chondrocyte culture for cartilage tissue engineering with formulations containing both HAMA and CSMA showing improved cell viability. The obtained results suggest these hybrid hydrogels be used as promising biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T02:58:21Z","timestamp":1679972301000},"page":"1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Marine Gelatin-Methacryloyl-Based Hydrogels as Cell Templates for Cartilage Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3B\u2019s\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina F.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3B\u2019s\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1498-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3B\u2019s\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3B\u2019s\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3B\u2019s\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago H.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3B\u2019s\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.005","article-title":"A Biomimetic Extracellular Matrix for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Centered on Photocurable Gelatin, Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate","volume":"10","author":"Levett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB02607F","article-title":"Effect of Gelatin Source and Photoinitiator Type on Chondrocyte Redifferentiation in Gelatin Methacryloyl-Based Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Constructs","volume":"7","author":"Pahoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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