{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:42:57Z","timestamp":1775832177463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/21167-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/21167-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["423710\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423710\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R513131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R513131\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq (\u201cConselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u201d)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/21167-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/21167-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq (\u201cConselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u201d)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["423710\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423710\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq (\u201cConselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u201d)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R513131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R513131\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) Doctor Prize Fellowship","award":["2018\/21167-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/21167-4"]}]},{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) Doctor Prize Fellowship","award":["423710\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423710\/2018-4"]}]},{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) Doctor Prize Fellowship","award":["EP\/R513131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R513131\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of advanced biomaterials and manufacturing processes to fabricate biologically and mechanically appropriate scaffolds for bone tissue is a significant challenge. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biocompatible and degradable polymer used in bone tissue engineering, but it lacks biofunctionalization. Bioceramics, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and \u03b2 tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2-TCP), which are similar chemically to native bone, can facilitate both osteointegration and osteoinduction whilst improving the biomechanics of a scaffold. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) display exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. A major limitation is the understanding of how PCL-based scaffolds containing HA, TCP, and CNTs behave in vivo in a bone regeneration model. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of three-dimensional (3D) printed PCL-based composite scaffolds containing CNTs, HA, and \u03b2-TCP during the initial osteogenic and inflammatory response phase in a critical bone defect rat model. Gene expression related to early osteogenesis, the inflammatory phase, and tissue formation was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Tissue formation and mineralization were assessed by histomorphometry. The CNT+HA\/TCP group presented higher expression of osteogenic genes after seven days. The CNT+HA and CNT+TCP groups stimulated higher gene expression for tissue formation and mineralization, and pro- and anti-inflammatory genes after 14 and 30 days. Moreover, the CNT+TCP and CNT+HA\/TCP groups showed higher gene expressions related to M1 macrophages. The association of CNTs with ceramics at 10wt% (CNT+HA\/TCP) showed lower expressions of inflammatory genes and higher osteogenic, presenting a positive impact and balanced cell signaling for early bone formation. The association of CNTs with both ceramics promoted a minor inflammatory response and faster bone tissue formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:41:27Z","timestamp":1688604087000},"page":"2952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Early In Vivo Osteogenic and Inflammatory Response of 3D Printed Polycaprolactone\/Carbon Nanotube\/Hydroxyapatite\/Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Roberto Lopes","family":"Nalesso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Centre of Herm\u00ednio Ometto Foundation, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Vedovatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Centre of Herm\u00ednio Ometto Foundation, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Julia Eduarda Schneider","family":"Greg\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Centre of Herm\u00ednio Ometto Foundation, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cian","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Santamaria-Jr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Orthodontics, University Centre of Herm\u00ednio Ometto Foundation, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Social and Pediatric Dentistry, UNESP - S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Institute of Science and Technology - College of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"B\u00e1rtolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4418-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Ferreira","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Centre of Herm\u00ednio Ometto Foundation, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program of Orthodontics, University Centre of Herm\u00ednio Ometto Foundation, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University (USP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007","article-title":"Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. 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