{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:25:37Z","timestamp":1760149537080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"project LH4Auto\u2014Lighting and Heating System for Automotive","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070021","POCI-01-0271-FEDER-049652","UID\/CTM\/00264\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of advanced facemasks stands out as a paramount priority in enhancing healthcare preparedness. In this work, different polypropylene non-woven fabrics (NWF) were characterised regarding their structural, physicochemical and comfort-related properties. The selected NWF for the intermediate layer was functionalised with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) 0.3 and 1.2wt% using three different methods: electrospinning, dip-pad-dry and exhaustion. After the confirmation of ZnO NP content and distribution within the textile fibres by morphological and chemical analysis, the samples were evaluated regarding their antimicrobial properties. The functionalised fabrics obtained via dip-pad-dry unveiled the most promising data, with 0.017 \u00b1 0.013wt% ZnO NPs being mostly located at the fibre\u2019s surface and capable of total eradication of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli colonies within the tested 24 h (ISO 22196 standard), as well as significantly contributing (**** p &lt; 0.0001) to the growth inhibition of the bacteriophage MS2, a surrogate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (ISO 18184 standard). A three-layered structure was assembled and thermoformed to obtain facemasks combining the previously chosen NWF, and its resulting antimicrobial capacity, filtration efficiency and breathability (NP EN ISO 149) were assessed. The developed three-layered and multiscaled fibrous structures with antimicrobial capacities hold immense potential as active individual protection facemasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15173499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T09:10:56Z","timestamp":1692695456000},"page":"3499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Integration into Non-Woven Fabrics Using Different Functionalisation Methods for Prospective Application as Active Facemasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1590-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra C.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biofilmes Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita V.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biofilmes Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biofilmes Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biofilmes Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Guilherme","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poleva\u2014Termoconformados, S.A. Rua da Estrada 1939, 4610-744 Felgueiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5502-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas P.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0950-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2036-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana C.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0317-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biofilmes Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd9149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9149","article-title":"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"373","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0296-2","article-title":"Tracking virus outbreaks in the twenty-first century","volume":"4","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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