{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:30:02Z","timestamp":1777890602877,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]],"date-time":"2024-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is known that 3D printable concrete mixtures can be costly because they contain high dosages of binder and that the drying-shrinkage performance may be adversely affected. Mineral additives and fibers are generally used to control these negative aspects. In this study, the use of silica fume, a natural viscosity modifying admixture, was investigated to improve the rheological and thixotropic behavior of 3D printable concrete mixtures reinforced with polypropylene fiber (FR-3DPC). The effect of increasing the silica fume utilization ratio in FR-3DPC on the compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), and drying-shrinkage (DS) performance of the mixtures was also examined. A total of five FR-3DPC mixtures were produced using silica fume at the rate of 3, 6, 9, and 12% of the cement weight, in addition to the control mixture without silica fume. As a result of the tests, the dynamic yield stress value decreased with the addition of 3% silica fume to the control mixture. However, it was found that the dynamic yield stress and apparent viscosity values of the mixtures increased with the addition of 6, 9, and 12% silica fume. With the increase in the use of silica fume, the CS values of the mixtures were generally affected positively, while the FS and DS behavior were affected negatively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16040556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T05:10:04Z","timestamp":1708405804000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effect of Silica Fume Utilization on Structural Build-Up, Mechanical and Dimensional Stability Performance of Fiber-Reinforced 3D Printable Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatice Gizem","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Hatice Elif","family":"Beytekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2023.107137","article-title":"Twin-pipe pumping strategy for stiffening control of 3D printable concrete: From transportation to fabrication","volume":"168","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.104958","article-title":"Rheology of 3D printable concrete prepared by secondary mixing of ready-mix concrete","volume":"138","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133273","article-title":"An experimental study of thermal performance of 3D printed concrete slabs","volume":"330","author":"Dey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132229","article-title":"Inclusive characterization of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) in additive manufacturing: A detailed review","volume":"394","author":"Riaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.07.040","article-title":"Tailoring 3D printed concrete through explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"56","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133167","article-title":"An innovative method for buildability assessment of 3d printed concrete at early-ages","volume":"403","author":"Shahzad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.108304","article-title":"Compressive behavior of FRP-confined 3D printed ultra-high performance concrete cylinders","volume":"83","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"103405","article-title":"Anisotropic chloride transport in 3D printed concrete and its dependence on layer height and interface types","volume":"62","author":"Surehali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125865","article-title":"Assessment of materials, design parameters and some properties of 3D printing concrete mixtures; a state-of-the-art review","volume":"316","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eahin, H.G., and Mardani, A. (2023). How does rheological behaviour affect the interlayer-bonding strength of 3DPC mixtures?. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2023.2266211"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120551","article-title":"Effects of redispersible polymer powders on the structural build-up of 3D printing cement paste with and without hydroxypropyl methylcellulose","volume":"267","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.202200473","article-title":"Mechanical properties, durability performance and interlayer adhesion of 3DPC mixtures: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"24","author":"Mardani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101833","article-title":"3D printed concrete for large-scale buildings: An overview of rheology, printing parameters, chemical admixtures, reinforcements, and economic and environmental prospects","volume":"32","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, H., Han, S.J., Choi, S.H., Lee, Y.J., Yi, S.T., and Kim, K.S. (2019). Rheological property criteria for buildable 3D printing concrete. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12040657"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.122136","article-title":"Early age hydration, rheology and pumping characteristics of CSA cement-based 3D printable concrete","volume":"275","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107309","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy, rheology and carbon footprint of 3D printable concrete: A review","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103899","article-title":"Effect of alkali reactions on the rheology of one-part 3D printable geopolymer concrete","volume":"116","author":"Muthukrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134233","article-title":"Development of CO2-integrated 3D printing concrete","volume":"409","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2018.1476064","article-title":"Design of a 3D printed concrete bridge by testing","volume":"13","author":"Salet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.018","article-title":"3D printing of reinforced concrete elements: Technology and design approach","volume":"165","author":"Asprone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"New China TV (2016, June 29). World\u2019s First 3D-Printed House That Can Withstand 8.0-Magnitude Quake. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OloOc21_u80."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Ahmed, Z.Y., Jutinov, E.R., and Salet, T.A. (2017). Experimental exploration of metal cable as reinforcement in 3D printed concrete. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10111314"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.11.109","article-title":"Improving the 3D printability of high volume fly ash mixtures via the use of nano attapulgite clay","volume":"165","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.11.131","article-title":"Rheological behavior of high volume fly ash mixtures containing micro silica for digital construction application","volume":"237","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102976","article-title":"Influences of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on the workability and strength of 3D printing cementitious materials containing limestone powder","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"103606","article-title":"Unveiling pore formation and its influence on micromechanical property and stress distribution of 3D printed foam concrete modified with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and silica fume","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"102944","article-title":"Modification effect of nanosilica and polypropylene fiber for extrusion-based 3D printing concrete: Printability and mechanical anisotropy","volume":"56","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104158","article-title":"Influence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and silica fume on stability, rheological properties, and printability of 3D printing foam concrete","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103400","article-title":"Rheology and shrinkage of concrete using polypropylene fiber for 3D concrete printing","volume":"44","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105786","article-title":"Changes in rheology and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance concrete with silica fume content","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.078","article-title":"An ab initio approach for thixotropy characterisation of (nanoparticle-infused) 3D printable concrete","volume":"224","author":"Kruger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.017","article-title":"A self-reinforced cementitious composite for building-scale 3D printing","volume":"90","author":"Soltan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.014","article-title":"Hydration and rheology control of concrete for digital fabrication: Potential admixtures and cement chemistry","volume":"112","author":"Marchon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105250","article-title":"Pore structure, internal relative humidity, and fiber orientation of 3D printed concrete with polypropylene fiber and their relation with shrinkage","volume":"61","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2019). Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete (Standard No. ASTM C618-19)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Specification for Use of Silica Fume as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout (Standard No. ASTM C1240-03)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2011). Cement. Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements (Standard No. BS EN 197-1: 2011)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2000). Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates. Part 6: Determination of Particle Density and Water Absorption (Standard No. BS EN 1097-6)."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"523","article-title":"Microstructure, interfacial effects and micromechanics of cementitious composites, Advances in Cementitious Materials","volume":"16","author":"Bentur","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123734","article-title":"Fresh and rheological characteristics of fiber reinforced concrete\u2014A review","volume":"296","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.039","article-title":"Empirical models to predict rheological properties of fiber reinforced cementitious composites for 3D printing","volume":"189","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2021.1922221","article-title":"Effect of the addition of polypropylene fiber on concrete properties","volume":"36","author":"Latifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"227","article-title":"The effect of shrinkage reducing admixture and polypropylene fibers on drying shrinkage behaviour of concrete","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Lime Concr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(74)90110-0","article-title":"Influence of fiber geometry on the properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete","volume":"4","author":"Swamy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"831","article-title":"Effect of cement C3A content on some fresh state properties and compressive strength of 3D printing concrete mixtures","volume":"27","author":"Mardani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Uludag Univ. Fac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015","article-title":"Cementitious materials for construction-scale 3D printing: Laboratory testing of fresh printing mixture","volume":"145","author":"Kazemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104636","article-title":"Effect of fiber reinforcement on extrudability and buildability of mineral additive modified Portland cement mortars: A rheometer based simulation analysis","volume":"54","author":"Saruhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya, \u00c7. (2022). Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Dosage on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Mortars with and without Fiber Reinforcement. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030360"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Mardani-Aghabaglou, A. (2016). Investigation of Cement-Superplasticizer Admixture Compatibility. [Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ege University]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125809","article-title":"The relationship between the rheological behavior and interlayer bonding properties of 3D printing cementitious materials with the addition of attapulgite","volume":"316","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.11.019","article-title":"Distinguishing dynamic and static yield stress of fresh cement mortars through thixotropy","volume":"86","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2005). Methods of Testing Cement\u2014Determination of Strength (Standard No. EN-196-1)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2023.104324","article-title":"Multi-effect of fineness and replacement ratio of binders on thixotropic and some fresh state properties of cementitious systems, a comparative study","volume":"35","author":"Altun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Wallevik, O.H., and Gj\u00f8rv, O.E. (1988). Effekt av Silika p\u00e5 Betongens St\u00f8pelighetog Arbeidbarhet, Institutt for Bygningsmateriall\u00e6re. Report no. BML 88.202."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivas, D., Dey, D., Panda, B., and Sitharam, T.G. (2022). Printability, Thermal and Compressive Strength Properties of Cementitious Materials: A Comparative Study with Silica Fume and Limestone. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238607"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.089","article-title":"Comparison of fly ash, silica fume and metakaolin from mechanical properties and durability performance of mortar mixtures view point","volume":"70","author":"Sezer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.05.012","article-title":"Nano-silica and silica fume modified cement mortar used as Surface Protection Material to enhance the impermeability","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Belie, N., Soutsos, M., and Gruyaert, E. (2018). Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70606-1"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Condensed Silica Fume in High Strength Concrete for Offshore Structures\u2014A Case Record","volume":"114","author":"Sandvik","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Burnett, I.D. (1990, January 2\u20135). The development of silica fume concrete in Melbourne, Australia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Concrete for the Nineties, Leura, Australia."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032009","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/365\/3\/032009","article-title":"Study of mineral additives for cement materials for 3D-printing in construction","volume":"365","author":"Inozemtcev","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"103137","article-title":"Unraveling pore structure alternations in 3D-printed geopolymer concrete and corresponding impacts on macro-properties","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106220","article-title":"Layer-interface properties in 3D printed concrete: Dual hierarchical structure and micromechanical characterization","volume":"138","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"996","article-title":"Silis Duman\u0131 Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Kolemanit ve Kolemanit At\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u00e7eren Har\u00e7 Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n Dayan\u0131m\u0131na Etkisi","volume":"1","author":"Altun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Conf. Appl. Eng. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.071","article-title":"Study physico-chemical properties of blended cements containing fixed amount of silica fume, blast furnace slag, basalt and limestone, a comparative study","volume":"72","author":"Saraya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Cong, X., Gong, S., Darwin, D., and McCabe, S.L. (1990). Role of Silica Fume in Compressive Strength of Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106405","article-title":"Local structure and Ca\/Si ratio in CSH gels from hydration of blends of tricalcium silicate and silica fume","volume":"143","author":"Cuesta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.051","article-title":"Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers","volume":"94","author":"Afroughsabet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00210-6","article-title":"Interfacial transition zone in cementitious materials","volume":"30","author":"Prokopski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2011.06.012","article-title":"Utilization of silica fume in concrete: Review of hardened properties","volume":"55","author":"Siddique","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-0618(99)00027-6","article-title":"Properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced silica fume expansive-cement concrete","volume":"13","author":"Toutanji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124046","article-title":"Effect of silica-fume content on performance of CaCO3 whisker and basalt fiber at matrix interface in cement-based composites","volume":"300","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"119","article-title":"Hydration and carbonation of pozzolanic cements","volume":"89","author":"Papadakis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.015","article-title":"Properties of self-compacting concretes made with binary, ternary, and quaternary cementitious blends of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.05.024","article-title":"Influence of silica fume on the tensile strength of concrete","volume":"35","author":"Bhanja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.10.084","article-title":"Effect of silica fume on the mechanical properties of fly ash based-geopolymer concrete","volume":"42","author":"Okoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2007.01.008","article-title":"Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume. Materials and mechanical properties","volume":"43","year":"2008","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2007.03.005","article-title":"A quantitative study on the plastic shrinkage cracking in high strength hybrid fibre reinforced concrete","volume":"29","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/4\/556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:01:47Z","timestamp":1760104907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/4\/556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym16040556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16040556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]]}}}