{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:19:21Z","timestamp":1773829161616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/05256\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05256\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDP\/05256\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05256\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/05256\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05256\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/05256\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05256\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermoplastic extrusion, a widely used method for processing thermoplastic materials, requires precise temperature control to ensure product quality. However, existing computer-aided engineering tools often oversimplify the temperature distribution calculations, leading to additional discrepancies between simulations and the actual processes. This study introduces a novel multi-region modeling approach to address this issue. By employing realistic temperature control conditions, the methodology overcomes the limitations of current numerical modeling tools. The key contributions include the development of a transient, incompressible, non-isothermal solver integrated into the OpenFOAM computational library and the implementation of a specialized boundary condition that emulates Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control using real-time thermocouple measurements. The findings highlight temperature deviations at the flow channel walls and total pressure drop while demonstrating a smaller impact on velocity and flow uniformity at the outlet under steady-state conditions. This research substantially advances the understanding of thermal dynamics in extrusion processes, offering crucial insights for enhancing temperature control and laying the groundwork for more effective and precise operational strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16070904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T14:00:23Z","timestamp":1711375223000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Enhanced Temperature Control Approach to Simulate Profile Extrusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soprefa-Componentes Industriais SA, R. Alfredo Henriques, 4520-909 Mosteir\u00f3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaeli, W. (2003). Extrusion Dies for Plastics and Rubber, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-446-40181-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauwendaal, C. (2014). Polymer Extrusion, Hanser. 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