{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:49:01Z","timestamp":1773020941739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PD\/BD\/150593\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/150593\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/2353\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/2353\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Free-standing films based on conducting polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), offer many benefits over traditional metal electrodes for applications in flexible electronics. However, to ensure structural integrity when contacting aqueous environments and high levels of electrical conductivity, solution-processed polymers require additives that act as crosslinking agents and conductivity enhancers. In this work, a new approach is presented to fabricate water-resistant free-standing films of PEDOT:PSS and simultaneously increase their conductivity, using an oxetane compound as an additive. It is shown that at moderate temperatures, oxetane polymerizes within the PEDOT:PSS acidic medium, forming hydroxymethyl-substituted polyether compounds that form a network upon crosslinking with PSS. The polymer composite films show self-sustainability, structural stability in aqueous environments, and enhanced conductivity. Finally, the potential of the free-standing films as health-monitoring electrodes, specifically for human electrocardiography, is explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16162292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1723613007000},"page":"2292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Free-Standing, Water-Resistant, and Conductivity-Enhanced PEDOT:PSS Films from In Situ Polymerization of 3-Hydroxymethyl-3-Methyl-Oxetane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sara M.","family":"Jorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0986-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Marto-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Serro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4740-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelino M.","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6717-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Charas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.024.202403858","article-title":"Chemical Strategies of Tailoring PEDOT:PSS for Bioelectronic Applications: Synthesis, Processing and Device Fabrication","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310973","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310973","article-title":"Boosting the Performance of PEDOT:PSS Based Electronics Via Ionic Liquids","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Song, J., Yin, X., Su, Z., and Li, Z. (2020). Research Progress on Polymer Solar Cells Based on PEDOT:PSS Electrodes. 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