{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1773903212908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the prediction of the fracture mechanics behaviour of a highly flexible adhesive (with a tensile elongation of 90%), since this type of adhesive is becoming widely used in automotive structures due to their high elongation at break and damping capacity. Despite their extensive applications, the understanding of their fracture mechanics behaviour under varying loading rates and temperatures remains limited in the literature. In addition, current prediction models are also unable to accurately predict their behaviour due to the complex failure mechanism that such bonded joints have. This study aims to determine whether a simple triangular cohesive zone model (CZM), which predefines the crack path, can reproduce the load\u2013displacement curves of adhesives under various temperatures and strain rates. To achieve this, a calibrated CZM is used, adapting the model for reference joints and then validating it with independent test results conducted in a wide range of loading and environmental conditions. The tests were performed at speeds between 0.2 and 6000 mm\/min and at three different temperatures ranging from \u221230 \u00b0C to 60 \u00b0C. Mode I fracture toughness was measured using the DCB (double cantilever beam) specimens. Using a simple triangular CZM may not be optimal for predicting the mechanical response of highly flexible adhesives with complex failure mechanisms and multiple crack paths. However, by correctly adjusting the cohesive zone properties for a limited set of reference conditions, it is possible to accurately predict the mechanical response of these joints across various test speeds and temperatures, significantly reducing costs and effort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16162383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1724325281000},"page":"2383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fracture Analysis of Highly Flexible Adhesives: Cohesive Zone Modelling across a Wide Spectrum of Temperatures and Strain Rates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tomas","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria J. P.","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Akhavan-Safar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. C.","family":"Carbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A. S.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Wenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sika Automotive AG, Kreuzlingerstrasse 35, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2020.1804376","article-title":"Fatigue life estimation of adhesive joints at different mode mixities","volume":"98","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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