{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:12:53Z","timestamp":1771261973358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the extraction of phenolic compounds from the fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The main goal was to synthesize phenol\/chitosan microspheres and PVA films and characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and mechanical tests to evaluate their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for antimicrobial packaging applications. Homogeneous chitosan microspheres loaded with lignin-derived phenols were obtained, showing controlled release of antimicrobial compounds. The incorporation of phenolic microspheres into PVA\/chitosan films resulted in significant improvements in mechanical properties: the films exhibited an elastic modulus of 36.14 \u00b1 3.73 MPa, tensile strength of 12.01 \u00b1 1.14 MPa, and elongation at break of 65.19 \u00b1 5.96%. Thermal tests revealed that chitosan-containing films had enhanced thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures (T10) reaching 116.77 \u00b0C, compared to 89.28 \u00b0C for pure PVA. In terms of antimicrobial activity, PVA\/chitosan\/phenol films effectively reduced Lactobacillus growth and milk acidity, maintaining quality for up to 96 h at room temperature, outperforming controls with acetic acid and H2O2. The films also inhibit yeast growth for one week. In conclusion, phenols can be effective antimicrobial agents in dairy, but their use should be monitored. Additionally, PVA\/chitosan-phenol films offer biodegradability, antimicrobial properties, and sustainability for diverse applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17010082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T14:35:42Z","timestamp":1735742142000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic and Marine Resources for Obtaining Active PVA\/Chitosan\/Phenol Films for Application in Intelligent Food Packaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mary Isabel","family":"Lopretti Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nuclear Techniques Applied to Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Batista-Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Center for High Technology, Pavas, San Jos\u00e9 10109, Costa Rica"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephany Cunha de","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arantzazu","family":"Santamaria-Echart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6844-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Filomena","family":"Barreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2002-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Roberto","family":"Vega-Baudrit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Center for High Technology, Pavas, San Jos\u00e9 10109, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Escuela de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48288-0_1","article-title":"Biorefinery concept","volume":"57","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biorefineries"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119622","article-title":"Biomass-based biorefineries: An important architype towards a circular economy","volume":"288","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsegaye, B., Jaiswal, S., and Jaiswal, A.K. 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