{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1771386107839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER","award":["46991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46991"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Program of Lisbon LISBOA2020","award":["46991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46991"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Program of Lisbon LISBOA2020","award":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)","award":["46991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46991"]}]},{"name":"COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)","award":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["46991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46991"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work describes the encapsulation of three different aliphatic isocyanates to reduce the risks associated with isocyanates\u2019 direct handling. The use of bio-based polybutylene succinate (bio-PBS) increases the sustainability factor as it allows for the use of microcapsules (MCs) from renewable sources with biodegradable features. The three different MCs (MCs-Monomer, MCs-Trimer, and MCs-Polymer) are spherical, crack-free, and matrix-type, containing an isocyanate payload between 67 wt% and 70 wt%. Protection against environmental moisture was improved, resulting in losses of less than 10% for most cases after one month. The bio-PBS MCs were found to be suitable as crosslinking agents in high-performance adhesive formulations for the footwear industry. Adhesive joints with encapsulated isocyanate exhibited peel strength values ranging from 3.28 to 4.56 N\/mm, well above the minimum requirements for the intended footwear application. Additionally, these joints demonstrated improved creep resistance compared to those using non-encapsulated isocyanates. In this context, the MCs-Trimer stood out, providing exceptional thermal robustness to the joints, as they showed no failure or opening at 90 \u00b0C, consistent with commercial adhesives. These results confirm that bio-PBS MCs can be excellent components for future adhesive formulations and that matrix-type MCs can also be utilised for this purpose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17020139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T07:40:13Z","timestamp":1736322013000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bio-Microcapsules of Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) and Isocyanates: Towards Sustainable, Safer, and Efficient Adhesives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7274-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas P.","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA-Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA-Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Galhano dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA-Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPADE S.A., Av. Primeiro de Maio 121, 3700-227 S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o da Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA-Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2012). Szycher\u2019s Handbook of Polyurethanes, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gama, N.V., Ferreira, A., and Barros-Timmons, A. (2018). Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future. 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