{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T12:10:59Z","timestamp":1775131859717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/2728\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/2728\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["CEECIND\/03276\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03276\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2024.03388.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.03388.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of adhesive bonding for joining composites has grown due to its excellent performance compared to traditional joining methods. However, delamination remains a significant issue in adhesively bonded composite joints, often causing early failure and reducing joint performance. To address this, there is a strong interest in methods that enhance the through-thickness strength of composite substrates to reduce the risk of delamination. Various studies have suggested techniques to prevent delamination in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) single-lap joints (SLJs). This study investigates the reinforcement of substrates to prevent delamination, often by adding a tough polymer or metal layer (called fiber metal laminates) to the top and bottom surfaces of the substrates. The effects of incorporating aluminum and film adhesive layers (each comprising 25% of the composite substrate\u2019s thickness) on the failure load and failure mode of bonded joints under different loading rates, including quasi-static (1 mm\/min), high-rate (0.1 m\/s), and impact (2.5 m\/s) conditions, were examined. These configurations were also simulated using cohesive zone modeling (CZM) across all loading rates to predict failure load and mechanisms numerically. Under impact loading, substituting outer CFRP layers with polymer or metal layers significantly increased the failure load and energy absorption capacity. Samples reinforced with aluminum and polymer showed approximately 39% and 13% higher failure loads, respectively, compared to the reference CFRP samples under impact. In terms of energy absorption, SLJs reinforced using aluminum could dissipate energy about 15% greater than the reference CFRP SLJs. The polymer reinforcement configuration can enhance specific strength with a relatively smaller increase in weight compared to FML. This is particularly important in aerospace applications, where minimizing weight while improving performance is crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17040469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T11:54:06Z","timestamp":1739274846000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Performance of Hybrid Reinforced Composite Substrates in Adhesively Bonded Joints Under Varied Loading Rates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Malekinejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. C.","family":"Carbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A. S.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, L., Chowdhury, N., Wang, J., Chiu, W.K., and Kodikara, J. (2016). Fatigue Damage Monitoring of a Composite Step Lap Joint Using Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9050374"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"467","article-title":"Effect of core shape on debonding failure of composite sandwich panels with foam-filled corrugated core","volume":"45","author":"Malekinejadbahabadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Steel Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malekinejad, H., Carbas, R.J.C., Akhavan-Safar, A., Marques, E.A.S., Sousa, F.C., and da Silva, L.F.M. (2023). 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