{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:08:37Z","timestamp":1760058517150,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims to compare the hardness (H) and roughness (Ra) of glass\/epoxy composites after being exposed to various hostile environments, which is possible because the constituents are always the same. Considering the stacking sequence [452, 902, \u2212452, 02]s, the hardness increases for all solutions up to a certain exposure time, from which it decreases for longer immersion times. For the same stacking sequence, roughness had its highest increase (around 44.5%) for the alkaline solution after 36 days of immersion, while the highest decrease (around 25%) occurred for all mortars after 30 days of exposure. For the stacking sequence [02, 902]2s, the hardness varied in the opposite direction for acidic and alkaline solutions, observing a direct increase in H with immersion time. However, for samples immersed in oil, hardness decreased as a function of immersion time. In terms of roughness, there was a linear increase with immersion time for all samples, which increased linearly. Therefore, it can be concluded that the stacking sequence has a significant influence on hardness and roughness. Furthermore, knowledge of the variation in hardness and roughness is very important because it can be associated with the structural response of a composite exposed to hostile environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17070993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T12:49:01Z","timestamp":1744289341000},"page":"993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hardness and Roughness of Glass\/Epoxy Composite Laminates Subjected to Different Hostile Solutions: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5237-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Martins","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE-ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. F.","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE-ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Augusta","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE-ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo N. B.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE-ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.08.034","article-title":"A review on polymer matrix composite materials and their applications","volume":"47","author":"Sajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. 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