{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:30:29Z","timestamp":1778880629041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UID\/04029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04029"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UID\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UID\/04029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04029"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UID\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["UID\/04029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04029"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["UID\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Project AZEB-AZORES ECOBLUE","award":["UID\/04029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04029"]}]},{"name":"Project AZEB-AZORES ECOBLUE","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Project AZEB-AZORES ECOBLUE","award":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"]}]},{"name":"Project AZEB-AZORES ECOBLUE","award":["UID\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Multi-annual Funding of the Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT)","award":["UID\/04029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04029"]}]},{"name":"Multi-annual Funding of the Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Multi-annual Funding of the Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT)","award":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEA.BG.CALL3_2.002.2021 PT-INNOVATION-0090"]}]},{"name":"Multi-annual Funding of the Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT)","award":["UID\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04509\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine plastic pollution represents a critical environmental challenge, with millions of tons of plastic waste entering the oceans annually and threatening ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. This systematic review evaluates the current state of the art in recycling and reusing marine plastic waste within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sectors, following the PRISMA methodology. Sixty-six peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025 were analysed, focusing on the integration of plastic waste. The review identifies mechanical recycling as the predominant method, involving washing and shredding plastics into fibres or flakes for use in cementitious composites, asphalt modifiers, bricks, panels, and insulation. Results indicate that recycled plastics, such as PET, HDPE, and PP, can enhance thermal insulation, water resistance, and flexural strength in non-structural applications. However, challenges persist regarding compressive strength, fibre dispersion, and chemical compatibility with cementitious matrices. Although the reuse of marine plastics supports circular economy goals by diverting waste from oceans and landfills, significant gaps remain in long-term durability, microplastic release, end-of-life recyclability, and comprehensive environmental assessments. The findings underscore the need for further research on the broader adoption of life cycle analysis, as well as long-term durability and environmental contamination analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T03:39:26Z","timestamp":1750649966000},"page":"1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Marine Plastic Waste in Construction: A Systematic Review of Applications in the Built Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0147-7379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Dauari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Landscapes, Heritage and Territory (Lab2PT), School of Architecture, Art and Design, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2932-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Landscapes, Heritage and Territory (Lab2PT), School of Architecture, Art and Design, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2713-6322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg5433","article-title":"The global threat from plastic pollution","volume":"373","author":"MacLeod","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100663","article-title":"Microplastics in coastal and marine environments: A critical issue of plastic pollution on marine organisms, seafood contaminations, and human health implications","volume":"18","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260352","article-title":"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean","volume":"347","author":"Jambeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2025, April 14). Global Plastics Production Forecast 2025\u20132050 | Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/664906\/plastics-production-volume-forecast-worldwide\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2025, April 14). Just 9.5% of Plastic Made in 2022 Used Recycled Material, Study Shows | Plastics | The Guardian. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2025\/apr\/10\/just-95-of-plastic-made-in-2022-used-recycled-material-study-shows."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2025, April 14). Global Plastic Production with Projections, 1950 to 2060. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/global-plastic-production-projections."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118591","article-title":"Marine plastics, circular economy, and artificial intelligence: A comprehensive review of challenges, solutions, and policies","volume":"345","author":"Seyyedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.09.029","article-title":"Plastic waste from marine environment: Demonstration of possible routes for recycling by different manufacturing technologies","volume":"119","author":"Ronkay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2018.05.006","article-title":"From problem to crisis to interdisciplinary solutions: Plastic marine debris","volume":"96","author":"Vince","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111690","article-title":"A systematic meta-review analysis of review papers in the marine plastic pollution literature","volume":"161","author":"Aretoulaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.07.020","article-title":"Heavy metals, metalloids and other hazardous elements in marine plastic litter","volume":"111","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04709","article-title":"Plastic pollution in the marine environment","volume":"6","author":"Thushari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz5803","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz5803","article-title":"More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean","volume":"7","author":"Meijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134445","article-title":"Microplastic accumulation dynamics in Han river headwaters: Sediment interactions and environmental implication","volume":"472","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111530118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111530118","article-title":"Plastic waste release caused by COVID-19 and its fate in the global ocean","volume":"118","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Chen, G., and Wang, J. (2021). Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Sources, Fates, Impacts and Microbial Degradation. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9020041"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2025, April 16). What Types of Plastic Are in the Ocean? | The Ocean Cleanup. Available online: https:\/\/theoceancleanup.com\/faq\/what-types-of-plastic-do-you-find-in-the-middle-of-the-ocean."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129084","article-title":"Fate of face masks after being discarded into seawater: Aging and microbial colonization","volume":"436","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, J., Belchior, A., da Silva, V.D., Rotter, A., Petrovski, E., Almeida, P.L., Louren\u00e7o, N.D., and Gaud\u00eancio, S.P. (2020). Marine Environmental Plastic Pollution: Mitigation by Microorganism Degradation and Recycling Valorization. Front. Mar. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.567126"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112701","article-title":"Characteristics, fate, and impact of marine plastic debris exposed to sunlight: A review","volume":"171","author":"Masry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084","article-title":"Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects","volume":"566\u2013567","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Amor, I., Klinkova, O., Baklouti, M., Elleuch, R., and Tawfiq, I. (2023). Mechanical Recycling and Its Effects on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polyamides. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15234561"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137151","article-title":"On-board and port 3D printing to promote a maritime plastic circular economy","volume":"407","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126163","article-title":"Developments in the life cycle assessment of chemical recycling of plastic waste\u2014A review","volume":"293","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127576","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of plastic waste and energy recovery","volume":"277","author":"Vlasopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Poddar, S.K., and Paranjpe, A. (2025, May 21). International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology Energy Recovery through Plastic Waste in Cement Industry: A Review. Available online: www.ijrdet.com\/files\/Volume4Issue5\/IJRDET_0515_03.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2017). Guidelines for Co-Processing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns (As per Rule \"5(b) of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016), Central Pollution Control Board."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, P.V., Cestari, S.P., Cruz, V., Castro, M.C.R., and Machado, A.V. (2025). New Strategy for Upcycling Marine Plastic Waste Through the Development of a Diamine-Functionalized Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Compatibilizer. Recycling, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling10030082"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazzotti, S., De Felice, B., Ortenzi, M.A., and Parolini, M. (2022). Approaches for Management and Valorization of Non-Homogeneous, Non-Recyclable Plastic Waste. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610088"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2022, March 01). Net Zero by 2050\u2014A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. Available online: https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027\/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2024, April 16). Going Climate-Neutral by 2050\u2014Publications Office of the EU. Available online: https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/92f6d5bc-76bc-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2025, April 16). Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction | UNEP\u2014UN Environment Programme. Available online: https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/global-status-report-buildings-and-construction."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103607","article-title":"How much will it cost? An energy renovation analysis for the Portuguese dwelling stock","volume":"78","author":"Palma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139525","article-title":"A global perspective on building material recovery incorporating the impact of regional factors","volume":"429","author":"Mollaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Comparative Study of the Thermal Performance of Plastic Bottle Wall against Traditional Composite Brick Wall Typologies","volume":"2","author":"Tarabieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Constr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86156","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16980-y","article-title":"Recycling\/reuse of plastic waste as construction material for sustainable development: A review","volume":"29","author":"Lamba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0311","article-title":"Plastics recycling: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"364","author":"Hopewell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.04.226","article-title":"Recycling plastic waste materials for building and construction Materials: A minireview","volume":"62","author":"Nyika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2023.100188","article-title":"Microplastics in construction and built environment","volume":"15","author":"Prasittisopin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4028\/p-kptJg4","article-title":"Closing the Loop of Circularity by Harnessing Additive Manufacturing to Reuse, Recycle and Reintroduce Marine Plastic Waste Back into the Built Environment","volume":"159","author":"Lopes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.001","article-title":"Mechanical recycling: Compatibilization of mixed thermoplastic wastes","volume":"147","author":"Maris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109850","article-title":"Controlling the properties of parts 3D printed from recycled thermoplastics: A review of current practices","volume":"196","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suksiripattanapong, C., Uraikhot, K., Tiyasangthong, S., Wonglakorn, N., Tabyang, W., Jomnonkwao, S., and Phetchuay, C. (2022). Performance of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Reinforced with High-Density Polyethylene Plastic Waste. Infrastructures, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures7050072"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clema.2022.100059","article-title":"A mini-review on the use of plastic waste as a modifier of the bituminous mix for flexible pavement","volume":"4","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e04432","article-title":"Sustainability of utilizing recycled plastic fiber in green concrete: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Magbool","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koppula, N.K., Schuster, J., and Shaik, Y.P. (2023). Fabrication and Experimental Analysis of Bricks Using Recycled Plastics and Bitumen. J. Compos. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7030111"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clema.2024.100220","article-title":"The world of plastic waste: A review","volume":"11","author":"Pilapitiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111457","article-title":"Unlocking circular economy for prevention of marine plastic pollution: An exploration of G20 policy and initiatives","volume":"277","author":"Fadeeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"OECD Environment Working Papers (2024). Plastics Recycled Content Requirements, OECD."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2025, June 11). Directive 2019\/904 EN SUP Directive EUR-Lex. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2019\/904\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2022). Sustainable Public Procurement of Plastics, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirino, E., Curtis, S., Wallis, J., Thys, T., Brown, J., Rolsky, C., and Erdle, L.M. (2023). Assessing benefits and risks of incorporating plastic waste in construction materials. Front. Built Environ., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2023.1206474"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135397","article-title":"Pullout resistance of waste fishing net embedded in the interface between the concrete and fibrous mortar matrix: Test method and experimental investigation","volume":"418","author":"Truong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121314","article-title":"Feasibility study on use of waste fishing nets as continuous reinforcements in cement-based matrix","volume":"269","author":"Truong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115833","article-title":"Experimental study on strength and flexural toughness properties of waste fishing net hybrid fiber-reinforced cementitious composites","volume":"295","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104829","article-title":"Tomographic microstructural investigation of waste fishing net-reinforced high performance cementitious composites","volume":"56","author":"Pae","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TNguyen, T.N.M., Han, T.H., Kil Park, J., and Kim, J.J. (2021). Strength and Toughness of Waste Fishing Net Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14237381"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112281","article-title":"Valorization of polyethylene and polypropylene fibers from waste fishing gears into cementitious material and comparison with industrial polypropylene fibers","volume":"104","author":"AHussan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussan, A., El Haddaji, B., Zelloufi, M., and Sebaibi, N. (2024). Innovative Cutting and Valorization of Waste Fishing Trawl and Waste Fishing Rope Fibers in Cementitious Materials. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14103985"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"465","article-title":"Use of waste fishing nets in cementitious applications","volume":"31","author":"Gopinath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakidis, I.F., Kladovasilakis, N., Pechlivani, E.M., and Tsongas, K. (2024). Mechanical Performance of Recycled 3D Printed Sustainable Polymer-Based Composites: A Literature Review. J. Compos. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8060215"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123669","article-title":"Utilisation of plastic waste as aggregate in construction materials: A review","volume":"296","author":"Zulkernain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119827","article-title":"A new application of recycled-PET\/PAN composite nanofibers to cement\u2013based materials","volume":"252","author":"Gaxiola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s43065-022-00069-y","article-title":"Meta-analysis on PET plastic as concrete aggregate using response surface methodology and regression analysis","volume":"4","author":"Chong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Preserv. Resil."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"738","article-title":"Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as a Partial Replacement of Aggregates in Sustainable Concrete","volume":"4","author":"Abubakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124190","article-title":"Mechanical, physical and microstructural properties of a mortar with melted plastic waste binder","volume":"302","author":"Thiam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127276","article-title":"The feasibility of recycled micro polyethylene terephthalate (PET) replacing natural sand in hot-mix asphalt","volume":"330","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2021.10.114","article-title":"Experimental Characterization of Mortar with Recycled PET Aggregate: Preliminary Results","volume":"33","author":"Beibei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legan, M., \u0160tukovnik, P., Zupan, K., and Gotvajn, A.\u017d. (2025). The Impact of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate as Aggregate Replacement on Mechanical and Ecotoxicological Properties of Mortar. Recycling, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling10010008"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1007\/s11709-022-0856-7","article-title":"Structural dimension optimization and mechanical response analysis of fabricated honeycomb plastic pavement slab","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Struct. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.28991\/cej-2020-03091616","article-title":"Exploration of Waste Plastic Bottles Use in Construction","volume":"6","author":"Dadzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-023-01169-8","article-title":"Reuse of plastic waste as building materials to enhance sustainability in construction: A review","volume":"8","author":"Athithan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solutions"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-022-00786-z","article-title":"Optimisation of mixed proportion for cement brick containing plastic waste using response surface methodology (RSM)","volume":"7","author":"Zulkernain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solutions"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, T.R., Cecchin, D., de Azevedo, A.R.G., Valad\u00e3o, I., Alexandre, J., da Silva, F.C., Marvila, M.T., Gunasekaran, M., Filho, F.G., and Monteiro, S.N. (2021). Technological Characterization of PET\u2014Polyethylene Terephthalate\u2014Added Soil-Cement Bricks. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14175035"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.21660\/2024.119.4097","article-title":"Optimizing Clay Bricks with Hdpe and Polyethylene Pet as a Sustainable Construction Material","volume":"27","author":"Syahyadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. GEOMATE"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105445","article-title":"Visual design of high-density polyethylene into wood plastic composite with multiple desirable features: A promising strategy for plastic waste valorization","volume":"63","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clema.2022.100113","article-title":"Recycling of waste HDPE and PP plastic in preparation of plastic brick and its mechanical properties","volume":"5","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"71","article-title":"Experimental Study on Mechanical Behaviour of Concrete Beams with Shredded Plastics","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"GEOMATE J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-022-00930-9","article-title":"Effect of mix proportion on the strength and durability of plastic and sand composite for construction applications","volume":"7","author":"Babatunde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solutions"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avudaiappan, S., Cendoya, P., Arunachalam, K.P., Maureira-Carsalade, N., Canales, C., Amran, M., and Parra, P.F. (2023). Innovative Use of Single-Use Face Mask Fibers for the Production of a Sustainable Cement Mortar. J. Compos. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7060214"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yan, X., Wan, M., Zhou, J., and Liu, J. (2025). Research on Recycling and Utilization of Shredded Waste Mask Fibers to Prepare Sustainable Engineered Cementitious Composites. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15030402"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellote, M., Jim\u00e9nez-Relinque, E., Grande, M., Rubiano, F.J., and Castillo, \u00c1. (2022). Face Mask Wastes as Cementitious Materials: A Possible Solution to a Big Concern. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041371"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-021-00729-0","article-title":"Valorisation of face mask waste in mortar","volume":"7","author":"Ajam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solutions"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127576","article-title":"Influence of pandemic waste face mask on rheological, physical and chemical properties of bitumen","volume":"337","author":"Alcin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.07.095","article-title":"Assessing performance of alkali-activated bricks incorporated with processed surgical masks","volume":"25","author":"Thoudam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123267","article-title":"Cost and environmental effects of ocean-borne plastic flakes in cement mortar considering equivalent-strength mix design","volume":"291","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.30880\/ijie.2023.15.02.016","article-title":"Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste as Partial Aggregate and Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Lingamen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122952","article-title":"Effect of waste electronic plastic and silica fume on mechanical properties and thermal performance of concrete","volume":"285","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Mraiza, Z., Pu, Y., Li, J., Liu, Z., Ragauskas, A.J., Zhou, F., and Yuan, J.S. (2024). A Multi-Streamline Approach for Upcycling PET into a Biodiesel and Asphalt Modifier. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16060796"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (2025, May 21). Assessing the Role and Impact of EPR in the Prevention of Marine Plastic Packaging Litter. Available online: www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/93799.html."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"European Commission (2025, May 21). European Commission Plastics Strategy. Available online: https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/strategy\/plastics-strategy_en."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/13\/1729\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:56:08Z","timestamp":1760032568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/13\/1729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17131729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17131729","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]}}}