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Traditional animal- and plant-based proteins face challenges related to scalability, resource efficiency, and environmental impact. In this context, single-cell protein has emerged as a promising alternative. Derived from microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, single-cell protein offers a high nutritional profile- including all essential amino acids and vitamins\u2014while enabling rapid production, minimal land and water requirements, and no generation of greenhouse gas emissions. A particularly compelling advantage of single-cell protein is its ability to be produced from agro-industrial waste, converting low-cost residues into valuable nutritional resources and contributing to environmental sustainability. Among these waste streams, lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and forestry residues stands out as a renewable, biodegradable, and abundant feedstock. This review explores the potential of lignocellulosic waste as a substrate for single-cell protein production, emphasizing both its environmental advantages and nutritional value. It highlights the single-cell protein role as a sustainable and scalable alternative to conventional protein sources. The review also identifies key scientific, economic, and regulatory challenges, and recognizes the importance of targeted investments, particularly in policy development, public awareness, and technological innovation, to enable the broader adoption and acceptance of single-cell protein -based products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17162251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:18:14Z","timestamp":1755695894000},"page":"2251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["From Lignocellulosic Residues to Protein Sources: Insights into Biomass Pre-Treatments and Conversion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-8550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela Vera","family":"dos Anjos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4265-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natacha","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Necton S.A., Belamandil, 8700-152 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability (CERES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, P\u00f3lo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo Neves","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Life Sciences, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2223-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria F.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, CEBAL, 7801-908 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Networks, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Networks, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3038-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Medronho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14930","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14930","article-title":"Slow and Fast Dietary Proteins Differently Modulate Postprandial Protein\u2009Accretion","volume":"94","author":"Boirie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. 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