{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:41:54Z","timestamp":1760060514490,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"(DGRSDT) Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la Recherche Scientifique et du d\u00e9veloppement Technologique-Algeria","award":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019"]}]},{"name":"bilateral program Green Thermosets","award":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we present a novel and straightforward approach for the synthesis of copolymers and nanocomposites based on \u03b1- and \u03b2-pinene, employing an eco-friendly and cost-effective nano-reinforcing filler. The copolymers (\u03b1-co-\u03b2-P) were produced through cationic copolymerization, using AlCl3 as a catalyst. The structural characterization of the resulting copolymer was validated through FT-IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular weight of the obtained polymer is determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis and is about 4500 g\/mol. Nanocomposites (\u03b1-co-\u03b2-P\/Clay 2, 5, 8, and 10% by weight of nano-clay) were synthesized by combining clay and \u03b1-co-\u03b2-P copolymer in solution using ultrasonic irradiation. This ultrasound-assisted method was employed to enhance and assess the structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the pure copolymer. The morphology of the resultant nanocomposites was characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the nanocomposites exhibit a higher degradation temperature compared to the pure copolymer. The analyses provided evidence of the chemical modification of nano-clay layers and their uniform dispersion in the \u03b1-co-\u03b2-P copolymer matrix. Exfoliated structures were achieved for lower clay concentration (2% by weight), while intercalated structures and immiscible regions were observed for higher clay concentrations (5, 8, and 10% by weight). The antioxidant activity of \u03b1-pinene, \u03b2-pinene, and the obtained nanocomposites were studied using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as a model free-radical. The results demonstrate a significant antioxidant potential of the nanocomposites, showcasing their ability to effectively neutralize free-radicals. Finally, a novel procedure was devised for the rapid synthesis of copolymers and nanocomposites using \u03b1- and \u03b2-pinene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17172378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1756735366000},"page":"2378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanocomposites from \u03b2-Pinene and \u03b1-Pinene Copolymer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hodhaifa","family":"Derdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), BP 10 384, Si\u00e8geex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Polym\u00e8res (LCP), D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Oran 1 University Ahmed Benbella, BP N\u00b0 1524 ElM\u2019Naouar, Oran 31000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Cherifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), BP 10 384, Si\u00e8geex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Polym\u00e8res (LCP), D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Oran 1 University Ahmed Benbella, BP N\u00b0 1524 ElM\u2019Naouar, Oran 31000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey Robert","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Institute Polytechnic of Leiria, 2430-080 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE\u2014Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Meziane","family":"Zerrouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, FSEI University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis\u2014Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Naima","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, FSEI University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis\u2014Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0624-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaldoun","family":"Bachari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), BP 10 384, Si\u00e8geex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Redouane","family":"Chebout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), BP 10 384, Si\u00e8geex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Fouzia","family":"Touahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), BP 10 384, Si\u00e8geex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Bouchama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), BP 10 384, Si\u00e8geex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria"},{"name":"Plateau Technique d\u2019Analyses Physico-Chimiques, PTAPC-Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Harrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Polym\u00e8res (LCP), D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Oran 1 University Ahmed Benbella, BP N\u00b0 1524 ElM\u2019Naouar, Oran 31000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, FSEI University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis\u2014Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"Meghabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Polym\u00e8res (LCP), D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Oran 1 University Ahmed Benbella, BP N\u00b0 1524 ElM\u2019Naouar, Oran 31000, Algeria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandini, A., and Lacerda, T.M. 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