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The use of natural compounds to improve culture media has been growing and biopolymers are interesting alternatives to synthetic compounds due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, renewability, and availability. In the present study, different culture media containing one biopolymer (chitosan, gum arabic) or a biopolymer derivative [hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)], at 100 or 1000 mg L\u22121, were tested regarding their influence on the growth and physiological responses of Thymus lotocephalus in vitro culture. Cellulose-based biopolymers (HEC and CMC) and gum arabic were used for the first time in plant culture media. The results showed that CMC at 100 mg L\u22121 significantly improved shoot elongation while chitosan, at the highest concentration, was detrimental to T. lotocephalus. Concerning only the evaluated physiological parameters, all tested biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives are safe to plants as there was no evidence of stress-induced changes on T. lotocephalus. The rheological and microstructural features of the culture media were assessed to understand how the biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives added to the culture medium could influence shoot growth. As expected, all media presented a gel-like behaviour with minor differences in the complex viscosity at the beginning of the culture period. Most media showed increased viscosity overtime. The surface area increased with the addition of biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives to the culture media and the average pore size was considerably lower for CMC at 100 mg L\u22121. The smaller pores of this medium might be related to a more efficient nutrients and water uptake by T. lotocephalus shoots, leading to a significant improvement in shoot elongation. In short, this study demonstrated that the different types of biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives added to culture medium can modify their microstructure and at the right concentrations, are harmless to T. lotocephalus shoots growing in vitro, and that CMC improves shoot length.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides2020032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T04:15:46Z","timestamp":1623903346000},"page":"538-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rheological and Microstructural Features of Plant Culture Media Doped with Biopolymers: Influence on the Growth and Physiological Responses of In Vitro-Grown Shoots of Thymus lotocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4265-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natacha","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Medronho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"FSCN, Surface and Colloid Engineering, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0625-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solange","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II\u2013R. Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3424-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4447-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II\u2013R. Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3038-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycaemic activities of essential oils from Thymbra capitata, Thymus albicans, Thymus caespititius, Thymus carnosus, Thymus lotocephalus and Thymus mastichina from Portugal","volume":"11","author":"Aazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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