{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:20:49Z","timestamp":1770906049946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Powders"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Powder flow is a constant concern in the production of solid dosage forms. Its concise and reliable determination and improvement are challenges for the pharmaceutical industry. Lactose (Lac) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) are both widely used pharmaceutical fillers either alone or mixed. In this study, flow determination was performed through methods described on the European Pharmacopoeia. The results obtained showed poor flow and cohesive behavior for Lac and MCC powders and their mixtures (co-processed excipients). The 50% Lac_MCC mixture, with colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) as the glidant in different proportions, showed relevant improvements in flow. In addition, the effective angle of wall friction (\u03c6x), the effective angle of internal friction (\u03c6e), arching, and ratholing were also determined, demonstrating the flow behavior in the discharge equipment. Outlet diameters that prevent blockages or insufficient powder flow were also determined. With this study, it was concluded that it was possible to prepare a co-processed excipient with optimal flow behavior composed of Lac_MCC and CSD as a glidant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/powders5010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1769193356000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flow Behavior of Co-Processed Excipients Using Lactose and Microcrystalline Cellulose as Bulk Fillers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8792-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Sal\u00fastio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Telmo","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7270-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Catita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paralab, SA, 4420-437 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-BHS\u2014Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FFP-I3ID\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, Faculdade Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200\u2013150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sousa e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hummler, H., Stillhart, C., Meilicke, L., Grimm, M., Krause, E., Mannaa, M., Gollasch, M., Weitschies, W., and Page, S. 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