{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:24:30Z","timestamp":1777415070568,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Forest Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Forest Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Forest Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytisus spp. is present throughout the Portuguese territory. Although most of these species are considered native in Portugal, at least one species has already been reported as invasive in other parts of the world. Different measures of control have been investigated, and the application of herbicides is the most commonly used. This review gathers information about the biochemical profile and analytical methods used for the evaluation of the potential bioactivities of three species of the genus Cytisus, better known as brooms, which were used in traditional medicine through the production of infusions and decoctions for the treatment of several health problems, mainly due to their high value of phenolic compounds. However, little research has been conducted on its biological activities as a potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, one species (Cytisus striatus) has not been subjected to extensive research in identifying chemical compounds and evaluating their potential bioactivities. This species (known as the Portuguese broom) has a great expression in one of the forest typologies with a considerable percentage in Portugal. This research work is essential to encourage a scientific and sustainable valorisation of Cytisus spp. (namely C. striatus), which will consequently contribute to forest cleaning and management to reduce the risk of wildfires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10071287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Potential Applications of the Cytisus Shrub Species: Cytisus multiflorus, Cytisus scoparius, and Cytisus striatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6135-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Caramelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Barroca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Guin\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre, Department of Food Industry, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0267-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Of\u00e9lia","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3419-6075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gominho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.008","article-title":"Medicinal Plants: Traditions of Yesterday and Drugs of Tomorrow","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leblanc, J.W. (2001). Getting a Handle on Broom: Scotch, French, Spanish, and Portuguese Brooms in California. Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Resour., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.3733\/ucanr.8049"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2006)60[307:NWNPER]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Neither Wild nor Planted: Essential Role of Giesta (Cytisus, Fabaceae) in Traditional Agriculture of Beira Alta, Portugal","volume":"60","author":"Estabrook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2457","article-title":"Benefits of the Symbiotic Association of Shrubby Legumes for the Rehabilitation of Degraded Soils under Mediterranean Climatic Conditions","volume":"27","author":"Valentine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-1051.1999.tb01126.x","article-title":"Reproductive Phenology in Three Genisteae (Fabaceae) Shrub Species of the W Mediterranean Region","volume":"19","author":"Devesa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nord. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"176","article-title":"Brooms as Part of the Australian Nursery Industry","volume":"15","author":"Atkinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Prot. Q."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Stevens, P.F. (2022, March 10). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14. Available online: http:\/\/www.mobot.org\/MOBOT\/research\/APweb."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Castroviejo, S. (1999). (Coord. gen.) Flora Iberica; Plantas Vasculares de la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica e Islas Baleares: Vol VII (I); Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01208.x","article-title":"Production and Morphology of Fruit and Seeds in Genisteae (Fabaceae) of South-West Spain","volume":"132","author":"Devesa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcl166","article-title":"Megasporogenesis, Megagametogenesis and Ontogeny of the Aril in Cytisus striatus and C. multiflorus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae)","volume":"98","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/00288233.1996.9513178","article-title":"Potential of Cytisus and Allied Genera (Genisteae: Fabaceae) as Forage Shrubs: 1. Seed Germination and Agronomy","volume":"39","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2022, March 10). POWO\u2014Plants of the World Online. Available online: http:\/\/www.plantsoftheworldonline.org."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Camejo Rodrigues, J.S. (2015). Guia de Plantas Medicinais: Serra Do A\u00e7or."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, March 10). Sociedade Portuguesa de Bot\u00e2nica Flora-On: Flora de Portugal Interactiva. Available online: www.flora-on.pt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.054","article-title":"Influence of the Drying Method in the Antioxidant Potential and Chemical Composition of Four Shrubby Flowering Plants from the Tribe Genisteae (Fabaceae)","volume":"49","author":"Pinela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pereira, O.R., Perez, M.J., Macias, R.I.R., Domingues, M.R.M., Silva, A.M.S., Mar\u00edn, J.J.G., and Cardoso, S.M. (2012). Cytisus Multiflorus: Source of Antioxidant Polyphenols. 11\u00b0 Encontro Qu\u00edmica dos Alimentos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Carvalho, A.M. (2010). Plantas y Sabidur\u00eda Popular Del Parque Natural de Montesinho: Un Estudio Etnobot\u00e1nico En Portugal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00317-2","article-title":"Methodological Considerations for Characterizing Potential Antioxidant Actions of Bioactive Components in Plant Foods","volume":"523","author":"Aruoma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1863","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds, RP-HPLC Analysis of Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Some Portuguese Shrub Species Extracts","volume":"6","author":"Domingues","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.02.024","article-title":"Chemical, Biochemical and Electrochemical Assays to Evaluate Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Plants","volume":"127","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.045","article-title":"Identification of Phenolic Constituents of Cytisus multiflorus","volume":"131","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.03.014","article-title":"Protective Effects of Phenolic Constituents from Cytisus multiflorus, Lamium album L. and Thymus citriodorus on Liver Cells","volume":"5","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Study on Extraction, Purification and Characterization of a Novel Peroxidase from White Spanish Broom (Cytisus multiflorus)","volume":"4","author":"Galende","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.06.035","article-title":"Fuel Characterization and Biomass Combustion Properties of Selected Native Woody Shrub Species from Central Portugal and NW Spain","volume":"102","author":"Viana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02820025","article-title":"Chromium in a Series of Portuguese Plants Used in the Herbal Treatment of Diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Castro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01239-A","article-title":"The Ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto Santo Islands, a Review","volume":"46","author":"Rivera","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"591","article-title":"From the Twigs of Sarothamnus scoparius Koch Has Been Isolated a New C-Glycosyl Flavone: The 6\u201d-O Acetyl Scoparin","volume":"40","author":"Brum","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lloyd"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"781","article-title":"A New Isoflavone from the Flowers of Cytisus scoparius Link. (Leguminosae)","volume":"39","author":"Viscardi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.03.034","article-title":"Use of Ethyl Lactate to Extract Bioactive Compounds from Cytisus Scoparius: Comparison of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Medium Scale Ambient Temperature Systems","volume":"140","author":"Lores","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Muras, M., Puig, C.G., L\u00f3pez-Nogueira, A., Cavaleiro, C., and Pedrol, N. (2018). On the Bioherbicide Potential of Ulex europaeus and Cytisus scoparius: Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Phytotoxic Effects. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205997"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Muras, M., Puig, C.G., and Pedrol, N. (2019). Cytisus scoparius and Ulex europaeus Produce Volatile Organic Compounds with Powerful Synergistic Herbicidal Effects. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24244539"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-021-01136-w","article-title":"High Throughput Method Development and Optimised Production of Leaf Protein Concentrates with Potential to Support the Agri-Industry","volume":"16","author":"Iyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"15","article-title":"Exploring the Effect of Cytisus scoparius on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Rats","volume":"6","author":"Raja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-8-15","article-title":"Evaluation of Behavioural and Antioxidant Activity of Cytisus scoparius Link in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress","volume":"8","author":"Nirmal","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.06.012","article-title":"Antioxidant Effect of Cytisus scoparius against Carbon Tetrachloride Treated Liver Injury in Rats","volume":"109","author":"Raja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.05.003","article-title":"Potential Use of Cytisus scoparius Extracts in Topical Applications for Skin Protection against Oxidative Damage","volume":"125","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-8","article-title":"Cytisus scoparius Link\u2014A Natural Antioxidant","volume":"6","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"886","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Portuguese Shrubs: Pterospartum tridentatum, Cytisus scoparius and Erica spp.","volume":"3","author":"Domingues","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"64","article-title":"Determination of Fatty Acid Composition by GC-MS and Potential Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Rumex hastatus and Cytisus scoparius Seeds Grown in Kashmir","volume":"9","author":"Nengroo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"35","article-title":"The Seasonal Impact of Cytisus striatus on Soil Fertility and the Herbaceous Understory","volume":"4","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mediterr. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"676","article-title":"Use of Plant Growth Promoting Bacterial Strains to Improve Cytisus striatus and Lupinus Luteus Development for Potential Application in Phytoremediation","volume":"581\u2013582","author":"Gkorezis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, M.A.M., Pinto Gomes, C.J., and Nunes, L.J.R. (2020). Selective Shrub Management to Preserve Mediterranean Forests and Reduce the Risk of Fire: The Case of Mainland Portugal. Fire, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire3040065"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J.R. (2021). Characterization of Cytisus Striatus (Hill) Rothm.: Waste Biomass Energy Recovery as a Measure to Reduce the Risk of Rural Fires. Recycling, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling6020036"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Looking to Nature for a New Concept in Antimicrobial Treatments: Isoflavonoids from Cytisus striatus as Antibiotic Adjuvants against MRSA","volume":"7","author":"Abreu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific"}],"container-title":["Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/10\/7\/1287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:40:59Z","timestamp":1760139659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/10\/7\/1287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pr10071287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr10071287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9717","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}}}