{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T05:37:02Z","timestamp":1770529022214,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-017819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-017819"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/129334\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/129334\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-017819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-017819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/129334\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/129334\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with activated sludge and bioaugmented with a dye-decolorizing yeast strain\u2014Yarrowia lipolytica (HOMOGST27AB) was assembled to form yeast-bioaugmented aerobic granular sludge (AGS). The bioaugmented AGS-SBR was operated for the treatment of synthetic saline wastewater (12 g L\u22121) intermittently fed with a reactive textile dye (Navy Everzol ED) at 25, 15, and 7.5 mg L\u22121. Dye degradation did not occur, although some dye adsorbed to the granules. AGS-SBR performance in removing carbon and nitrogen was good and was not affected by the dye addition. Bioaugmentation with the yeast Y. lipolytica (HOMOGST27AB) occurred with success, proved by sequencing samples from granules throughout the reactor operation. The AGS core microbiome gathered essentially microorganisms from the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. The microbial profile showed a dynamic microbiome established at Phase I of the operation, with a high decrease in the abundance of Ignavibacterium from the initial biomass to the granules formed and an increase in Actinobacteria, Cytophagia, Flavobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria in the remaining phases of the bioreactor operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11061654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1685346563000},"page":"1654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bioaugmentation of Aerobic Granular Sludge with Dye-Decolorizing Yeast for Textile Industrial Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6516-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAR\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia das Artes, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Escola das Artes, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.09.012","article-title":"Degradation of textile dyes by cyanobacteria","volume":"48","author":"Dellamatrice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-018-2130-z","article-title":"Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of synthetic effluents: A critical review","volume":"16","author":"Yaseen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inter. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2010.06.006","article-title":"Bacterial decolorization and degradation of azo dyes: A review","volume":"42","author":"Saratale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.08.064","article-title":"Textile dye biodecolourization and ammonium removal over nitrite in aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors","volume":"342","author":"Sarvajith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.05.002","article-title":"Aerobic granular sludge: Recent advances","volume":"26","author":"Adav","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107272","article-title":"Treatment of saline wastewater amended with endocrine disruptors by aerobic granular sludge: Assessing performance and microbial community dynamics","volume":"10","author":"Ely","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.09.060","article-title":"Bacterial community dynamics within an aerobic granular sludge reactor treating wastewater loaded with pharmaceuticals","volume":"147","author":"Amorim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104156","article-title":"Variability in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances from a full-scale aerobic granular sludge reactor treating urban wastewater","volume":"8","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7942","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05016-11","article-title":"Effect of elevated salt concentrations on the aerobic granular sludge process: Linking microbial activity with microbial community structure","volume":"77","author":"Bassin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20470","article-title":"Simultaneous COD, nitrogen, and phosphate removal by aerobic granular sludge","volume":"90","author":"Heijnen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00463-1","article-title":"Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor","volume":"33","author":"Beun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flemming, H.C. (2016). Eps\u2014Then and now. Microorganisms, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms4040041"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2016.09.009","article-title":"Treatment of a simulated wastewater amended with a chiral pharmaceuticals mixture by an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor","volume":"115","author":"Amorim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.033","article-title":"2-Fluorophenol degradation by aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor","volume":"45","author":"Duque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130037","article-title":"Recovered granular sludge extracellular polymeric substances as carrier for bioaugmentation of granular sludge reactor","volume":"275","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-014-1350-y","article-title":"Bioaugmentation of half-matured granular sludge with special microbial culture promoted establishment of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degrading aerobic granules","volume":"38","author":"Quan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04777-7","article-title":"Application of a Dye-Decolorizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain ZM130 for Remediation of Textile Wastewaters in Aerobic\/Anaerobic Sequential Batch Bioreactor and Soil Columns","volume":"231","author":"Maqbool","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water. Air. Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110007","article-title":"Oerskovia paurometabola can efficiently decolorize azo dye Acid Red 14 and remove its recalcitrant metabolite","volume":"191","author":"Franca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2015.04.025","article-title":"Comparing aerobic granular sludge and flocculent sequencing batch reactor technologies for textile wastewater treatment","volume":"104","author":"Franca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1878","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into bioaugmentation and biovalorization of oily industrial wastes by lipolytic oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica during successive batch fermentation","volume":"67","author":"Louhasakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotech. App. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107377","article-title":"Dynamic mechanism of the microbiota of high-salinity organic wastewater with salt-tolerant yeast and its application","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.114421","article-title":"Screening for a more sustainable solution for decolorization of dyes and textile effluents using Candida and Yarrowia spp.","volume":"307","author":"Mendes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.01.101","article-title":"The effect of salt on the performance and characteristics of a combined anaerobic-aerobic biological process for the treatment of synthetic wastewaters containing Reactive Black 5","volume":"221","author":"Kokabian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2015.04.005","article-title":"Effect of sequencing batch cycle strategy on the treatment of a simulated textile wastewater with aerobic granular sludge","volume":"104","author":"Mata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.08.043","article-title":"Effect of an azo dye on the performance of an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor treating a simulated textile wastewater","volume":"85","author":"Franca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"e54534","article-title":"Extraction of structural extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic granular sludge","volume":"115","author":"Felz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.03.038","article-title":"Temperature effects on glycogen accumulating organisms","volume":"43","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.101977","article-title":"Increased extracellular polymeric substances production contributes for the robustness of aerobic granular sludge during long-term intermittent exposure to 2-fluorophenol in saline wastewater","volume":"40","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.06.032","article-title":"Effect of different salinity adaptation on the performance and microbial community in a sequencing batch reactor","volume":"216","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2015.06.006","article-title":"Reactor performance and microbial community dynamics during aerobic degradation and detoxification of Acid Red B with activated sludge bioaugmented by a yeast Candida tropicalis TL-F1 in MBR","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2019.0167","article-title":"Continuously Biodegrading High Concentration of Acid Red B under Hypersaline Conditions in a Membrane Bioreactor Bioaugmented by a Halotolerant Yeast Pichia occidentalis G1 and Microbial Community Dynamics","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2017.132","article-title":"Anaerobic\u2013aerobic sequencing batch reactor treating azo dye containing wastewater: Effect of high nitrate ions and salt","volume":"8","author":"Assadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Reuse Desalin."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mosquera, A., Campos, L., and Val, \u00c1. (2007). Technologies for the Treatment and Recovery of Nutrients from Industrial Wastewater, IGI-Global. Chapter 9."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112446","article-title":"Adsorption characteristics of methylene blue by a dye-degrading and extracellular polymeric substance -producing strain","volume":"288","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"75","article-title":"Decolorization of Remazol Black B using a thermotolerant yeast","volume":"26","author":"Meehan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kluyveromyces Marx. IMB3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.100810","article-title":"Treatment of azo dye wastewater by the self-flocculating marine bacterium Aliiglaciecola lipolytica","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111791","article-title":"Magnetically stimulated azo dye biodegradation by a newly isolated osmo-tolerant Candida tropicalis A1 and transcriptomic responses","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.09.023","article-title":"Packed bed column studies for the removal of synthetic dyes from textile wastewater using immobilised dead C. tropicalis","volume":"285","author":"Charumathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2004.04.008","article-title":"Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review","volume":"40","author":"Aksu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00623-9","article-title":"A comparative study on the biosorption characteristics of some yeasts for Remazol Blue reactive dye","volume":"50","author":"Aksu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basri, H.F., Hakim, M., and Halim, A. (2022). Microbial Community Shift and Role of Bacteria in Rapid Granulation By Using Diatomite. Res. Sq., preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1099681\/v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.05.004","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the diverse aerobic sludge granules self-cultivated in a membrane bioreactor with enhanced internal circulation","volume":"263","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102264","article-title":"Coupling of sponge fillers and two-zone clarifiers for granular sludge in an integrated oxidation ditch","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"190284","article-title":"Effects of carbon to nitrogen ratio on the performance and stability of aerobic granular sludge","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123608","article-title":"Characteristics and mechanism of anammox granular sludge with different granule size in high load and low rising velocity sewage treatment","volume":"312","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(01)00383-0","article-title":"Degradation and metabolization of the pigment\u2014Melanoidin in distillery effluent by the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria boryana BDU 92181","volume":"29","author":"Kalavathi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2022, September 27). Sequence Read Archive (SRA), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."}],"container-title":["Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/11\/6\/1654\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:44:16Z","timestamp":1760125456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/11\/6\/1654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pr11061654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr11061654","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9717","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]}}}