{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T02:26:05Z","timestamp":1768616765578,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, Information, and Communication Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIMA\/0007\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMA\/0007\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, Information, and Communication Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, Information, and Communication Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, Information, and Communication Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, Information, and Communication Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Prima2019-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Prima2019-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["PRIMA\/0007\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMA\/0007\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["Prima2019-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Prima2019-08"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Program for Research and Plants","award":["PRIMA\/0007\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMA\/0007\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Program for Research and Plants","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Program for Research and Plants","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Program for Research and Plants","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Program for Research and Plants","award":["Prima2019-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Prima2019-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds obtained from three squash by-products (e.g., peel, endocarp, and seeds) using the response surface methodology (RSM). The selected independent variables were ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. Squash by-products\u2019 bioactive molecules were extracted according to the matrix proposed by the experimental plan. Significant variability in total phenolic compound content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, depending on the extraction time, the solvent concentration, and the extraction temperature, was recorded for the tested by-products. The experimental results adequately fitted with second-order polynomial models and showed significant linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of the independent variables. Data analysis suggested that the optimal extraction conditions were 12.2% ethanol for 11.2 min at 55 \u00b0C for peels; 28.5% ethanol for 10.5 min at 37 \u00b0C for endocarp; and 20% ethanol for 10.5 min at 60 \u00b0C for seeds. The results obtained showed that the experimental and predicted values of TPC and antioxidant activities as an indicator of a successful extraction fit with each other, thus indicating the optimal extraction conditions. Under these conditions, the obtained extracts exhibited high, although variable, TPC with epicatechin and epigallocatechin as major compounds, as well significant antimicrobial potency, which reached 100% and 80% inhibition of the tested bacteria and fungi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11061726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T01:38:26Z","timestamp":1686015506000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Use of Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Cucurbita maxima Fruit By-Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1951-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rim Ben","family":"Mansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanen","family":"Falleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Majdi","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Mountains Regions (SusTEC), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon A.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9852-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neji","family":"Tarchoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Agronomic Institute of ChottMariem, BP 47, Chott M\u00e9riem Sousse 4042, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Riadh","family":"Ksouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.09.168","article-title":"A review on holistic approaches for fruits and vegetables biowastes valorization","volume":"73","author":"Bisht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. 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