{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:29:23Z","timestamp":1760149763922,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"NanoCatRed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ERDF\u2014European Regional Development Fund","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Operation Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization\u2014COMPETE 2020","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Program\u2014NORTE 2020","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\u2014FCT","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]},{"name":"UT Austin Portugal","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Transitory Norm Program","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-045925","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","DL57\/2016","CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrate catalytic reduction in a continuous system was studied in the presence of Pd-Cu macrostructured catalysts synthesized through a novel washcoating methodology of the pre-formed bimetallic powder catalyst. The present work aims to understand the behavior of the macrostructured bimetallic catalyst in the presence of different reaction conditions in order to achieve the design of an optimized facility that can produce the best catalytic results: maximum NO3\u2212 conversion with enhanced N2 selectivity. The residence time of the inlet solution and the catalyst concentration in the reactor proved to be the parameters that most influenced the conversion and selectivity due to the important role that these parameters play in the hydrodynamic conditions of the reactor. A higher loading of catalyst and lower inlet flow rates allow promoting a higher contact time between the three phases that participate in the reaction (G-L-S). The most efficient reaction conditions (three pieces of the macrostructured catalyst, liquid flow rate of 10 mL min\u22121, and a total gas flow rate of 200 Ncm3 min\u22121 (1:1 H2:CO2)) allowed obtaining an NO3\u2212 conversion of 51% with a corresponding N2 selectivity of 23%. Also, the conversion results strongly depended on the total gas flow rate used during the reaction since this assists the mixing between the three phases and promotes a greater contact that will contribute to enhanced catalytic results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11092692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T07:57:17Z","timestamp":1694159837000},"page":"2692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrate over Immobilized Nanocatalysts in a Multi-Phase Continuous Reaction System: System Performance, Characterization and Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana Sofia G. G.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Restivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Alexandra","family":"Orge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Fernando R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9015-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ol\u00edvia Salom\u00e9 G. P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(99)00228-X","article-title":"Improving the catalytic nitrate reduction","volume":"55","author":"Daum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.10.002","article-title":"High-nitrate levels in drinking water may be a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction in children and pregnant women living in rural Bulgarian areas","volume":"211","author":"Gatseva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(81)80053-8","article-title":"Health aspects of nitrate in drinking water","volume":"18","author":"Fraser","year":"1981","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1971.tb04035.x","article-title":"Nitrate in drinking water","volume":"63","author":"Winton","year":"1971","journal-title":"J.-Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.08.151","article-title":"Nitrate pollution of groundwater all right\u2026, but nothing else?","volume":"539","author":"Otero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00539.x","article-title":"Calcium, magnesium, and nitrate in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2011.03.011","article-title":"Catalytic nitrate removal from water, past, present and future perspectives","volume":"104","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.05.002","article-title":"Enhancement on the simultaneous removal of nitrate and organic pollutants from groundwater by a three-dimensional bio-electrochemical reactor","volume":"100","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.06.062","article-title":"Simultaneous nitrate reduction and acetaminophen oxidation using the continuous-flow chemical-less VUV process as an integrated advanced oxidation and reduction process","volume":"318","author":"Moussavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(00)00622-2","article-title":"Catalytic denitrification: Direct and indirect removal of nitrates from potable water","volume":"66","author":"Pintar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.11.047","article-title":"Photocatalytic reduction of nitrate using titanium dioxide for regeneration of ion exchange brine","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:4(371)","article-title":"Nitrate Removal From Drinking Water\u2014Review","volume":"123","author":"Anoop","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2013.828272","article-title":"Nitrate in Potable Water Supplies: Alternative Management Strategies","volume":"44","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.11.052","article-title":"A continuous process for the catalytic reduction of water nitrate","volume":"7","author":"Mendow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-1169(01)00156-X","article-title":"Supported bimetallic palladium catalysts for water-phase nitrate reduction","volume":"173","author":"Vorlop","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9517(03)00252-5","article-title":"Palladium and platinum-based catalysts in the catalytic reduction of nitrate in water: Effect of copper, silver, or gold addition","volume":"220","author":"Gauthard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1021\/ie102080w","article-title":"Evaluation of Pd- In supported catalysts for water nitrate abatement in a fixed-bed continuous reactor","volume":"50","author":"Mendow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.2000.3138","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of nitrate and nitrite on Pt\u2013Cu\/Al2O3 catalysts in aqueous solution: Role of the interaction between copper and platinum in the reaction","volume":"198","author":"Epron","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-5861(93)80004-K","article-title":"Development of catalysts for a selective nitrate and nitrite removal from drinking water","volume":"17","author":"Vorlop","year":"1993","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2015.05.005","article-title":"Nitrogen gas selectivity enhancement on nitrate denitrification using nanoscale zero-valent iron supported palladium\/copper catalysts","volume":"57","author":"Lubphoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2004.02.019","article-title":"Palladium-copper and palladium-tin catalysts in the liquid phase nitrate hydrogenation in a batch-recycle reactor","volume":"52","author":"Pintar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A., Restivo, J., Orge, C.A., Pereira, M.F.R., and Soares, O. (2020). Nitrate Catalytic Reduction over Bimetallic Catalysts: Catalyst Optimization. C, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/c6040078"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-010-0424-y","article-title":"Nitrate Reduction Catalyzed by Pd\u2013Cu and Pt\u2013Cu Supported on Different Carbon Materials","volume":"139","author":"Soares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2005.07.046","article-title":"Effect of the reducing step on the properties of Pd-Cu bimetallic catalysts used for denitration","volume":"294","author":"Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123252","article-title":"Advances in the catalytic reduction of nitrate by metallic catalysts for high efficiency and N2 selectivity: A review","volume":"384","author":"Tokazhanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-017-0972-0","article-title":"Catalytic reduction for water treatment","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00028-9","article-title":"Appropriate conditions or maximizing catalytic reduction efficiency of nitrate into nitrogen gas in groundwater","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2005.06.015","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of nitrate on Pt-Cu and Pd-Cu on active carbon using continuous reactor: The effect of copper nanoparticles","volume":"62","author":"Just","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-009-9899-9","article-title":"Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aqueous Phase Nitrate Over Fe\/C Catalysts","volume":"131","author":"Shukla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"20180126","article-title":"PdIn catalysts in a continuous fixed bed reactor for the nitrate removal from groundwater","volume":"17","author":"Marchesini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. React. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2009.05.029","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of nitrates using Pt\/CeO2 catalysts in a continuous reactor","volume":"149","author":"Dafinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2011.08.024","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of nitrates in water on Pt promoted Cu hydrotalcite-derived catalysts: Effect of the Pt\u2013Cu alloy formation","volume":"110","author":"Contreras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(99)00101-7","article-title":"Catalytic hydrogenation of aqueous nitrate solutions in fixed-bed reactors","volume":"53","author":"Pintar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13930","DOI":"10.1021\/ie302977h","article-title":"Nanostructured catalysts for the continuous reduction of nitrates and bromates in water","volume":"52","author":"Yuranova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.10.025","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of bromate over monometallic catalysts on different powder and structured supports","volume":"309","author":"Restivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(94)00331-9","article-title":"Kinetics of nitrate reduction in monolith reactor","volume":"49","author":"Wa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12767","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c01784","article-title":"Development of PdCu Structured Catalysts Based on ZrO2\u2013CeO2 Materials Supported on Cordierite Monoliths for Water Remediation: Removal of Hazardous Oxyanions","volume":"60","author":"Peroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2019.11.020","article-title":"Technological Applications of Honeycomb Monoliths in Environmental Processes: A review","volume":"133","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2015.01.033","article-title":"Nano-array based monolithic catalysts: Concept, rational materials design and tunable catalytic performance","volume":"258","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2006.06.013","article-title":"State-of-the-art in the monolithic catalysts\/reactors","volume":"311","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/01614949408013925","article-title":"Monoliths in Heterogeneous Catalysis","volume":"36","author":"Cybulski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Catal. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2022.118790","article-title":"Design of macrostructured bimetallic MWCNT catalysts for multi-phasic hydrogenation in water treatment with pre- and post-coating metal phase impregnation","volume":"643","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Restivo, J., Orge, C.A., Guedes Gorito dos Santos, A.S., Gon\u00e7alves Pinto Soares, O.S., and Ribeiro Pereira, M.F. (2020). Influence of preparation methods on the activity of macro-structured ball-milled MWCNT catalysts in the ozonation of organic pollutants. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 104578.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104578"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107612","article-title":"Optimization of Triton X-100 removal and ultrasound probe parameters in the preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotube buckypaper","volume":"166","author":"Rojas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A., Restivo, J., Orge, C.A., Pereira, M.F.R., and Soares, O. (2022). Synthesis of monometallic macrostructured catalysts for bromate reduction in a continuous catalytic system. Environ. Technol.","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2022.2074319"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nauman, E.B. (2003). Residence Time Distributions, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471451452.ch1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4854","DOI":"10.1021\/ie202957v","article-title":"Kinetic Modeling of Nitrate Reduction Catalyzed by Pd-Cu Supported on Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"51","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.11.078","article-title":"Design of catalytic carbon nanotube-based reactor for water denitration\u2014The impact of active metal confinement","volume":"225","author":"Kukovecz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2014.11.016","article-title":"Modification of carbon nanotubes by ball-milling to be used as ozonation catalysts","volume":"249","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.12989\/aer.2015.4.4.263","article-title":"Nitrate reduction by iron supported bimetallic catalyst in low and high nitrogen regimes","volume":"4","author":"Hamid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00464-8","article-title":"Nitrate reduction by metallic iron","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.856926","article-title":"Nitrate removal by Fe0\/Pd\/Cu nano-composite in groundwater","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.071","article-title":"Zero-valent iron-facilitated reduction of nitrate: Chemical kinetics and reaction pathways","volume":"598","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6247","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b01127","article-title":"Catalytic nitrate removal in continuous bimetallic Cu\u2013Pd\/nanoscale zerovalent iron system","volume":"54","author":"Hamid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"836","article-title":"Erste schritte auf dem weg zur edelmetallkatalysierten nitrat-und nitrit-entfernung aus trinkwasser","volume":"61","author":"Vorlop","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chemieingenieurtechnik"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.05.016","article-title":"Novel bimetallic catalyst supported by red mud for enhanced nitrate reduction","volume":"348","author":"Hamid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(99)00233-3","article-title":"Use of palladium based catalysts in the hydrogenation of nitrates in drinking water: From powders to membranes","volume":"55","author":"Strukul","year":"2000","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.08.017","article-title":"Nitrate reduction by maghemite supported Cu-Pd bimetallic catalyst","volume":"127","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.05.144","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of aqueous nitrates by metal supported catalysts on Al particles","volume":"254","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2004.05.015","article-title":"Nitrate and nitrite hydrogenation with Pd and Pt\/SnO2 catalysts: The effect of the support porosity and the role of carbon dioxide in the control of selectivity","volume":"53","author":"Pinna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(00)00621-0","article-title":"Monolithic catalysts as more efficient three-phase reactors","volume":"66","author":"Nijhuis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10268","article-title":"Monoliths as multiphase reactors: A review","volume":"50","author":"Roy","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2005.06.062","article-title":"Flow distribution characteristics of a gas\u2013liquid monolith reactor","volume":"105","author":"Roy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(01)00354-6","article-title":"Gas\u2013liquid mass transfer of aqueous Taylor flow in monoliths","volume":"69","author":"Heiszwolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-011-1105-3","article-title":"Dynamic film thickness between bubbles and wall in a narrow channel","volume":"51","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2007.07.001","article-title":"Kinetic and selectivity studies of gas\u2013liquid reaction under Taylor flow in a circular capillary","volume":"128","author":"Tsoligkas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(97)00217-0","article-title":"The role of gas bubbles and liquid slug lengths on mass transport in the Taylor flow through capillaries","volume":"52","author":"Bercic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2004.05.011","article-title":"Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in an upflow monolith loop reactor","volume":"44","author":"Vandu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(01)00271-8","article-title":"Mass transfer characteristics of three-phase monolith reactors","volume":"56","author":"Kreutzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."}],"container-title":["Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/11\/9\/2692\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:47:18Z","timestamp":1760129238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/11\/9\/2692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pr11092692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr11092692","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9717"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9717"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]}}}