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to the growth in the consumption of avocado in recent years, the amount of waste caused by avocado peel and seed has increased. Avocado waste can be transformed into valuable products such as energy, biofuels, and biological products using integrated processes in a biorefinery. This paper considers the detailed modeling, simulation, and optimization of a biorefinery for the production of phenolic compounds, bioethanol, biological xylitol, syngas, and electrical power from avocado seed and peel, using Aspen Plus in equation-oriented mode as a process simulation tool. For a biorefinery in nominal conditions, it is possible to achieve a gross profit of approximately 30\u00d7106 USD\/year for capital costs of USD 31.4\u00d7106, while the combined effect of process optimization and heat integration allows reaching a gross profit of 37\u00d7106 USD\/year for capital costs of USD 30.7\u00d7106. These results of the optimized plant show its potential to take advantage of avocado seed and peel in a profitable and sustainable way. This detailed equation-based model paves the way for superstructure optimization of a biorefinery for avocado waste processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12010091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T10:01:06Z","timestamp":1704016866000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Equation-Oriented Modeling and Optimization of a Biorefinery Based on Avocado Waste"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-2993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4898-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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