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The developed atmospheric pressure plasma method offers several advantages, including the continuous production of high-quality, free-standing graphene without the use of chemicals, solvents, catalysts, or additional heating. This non-toxic process eliminates the need for vacuum systems while achieving high temperatures. The method enables the precise control over graphene\u2019s properties, such as the layer number, defects, sheet size, uniformity, and functionality, as well as the doping type and configuration, by adjusting the plasma parameters. Protocols for the synthesis of specific nanostructures with a controlled structural quality, production rate, and chemical composition have been established using methane and methylamine as precursors. The comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13010196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1736740912000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microwave Plasma-Driven Synthesis of Graphene and N-Graphene at a Gram Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Neli","family":"Bundaleska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Felizardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6165-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6784-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ferraria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biospectroscopy and Interfaces Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscence, Departamento de Engenharoa Quimica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Botelho do Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biospectroscopy and Interfaces Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscence, Departamento de Engenharoa Quimica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janez","family":"Zava\u0161nik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gaseous Electronics F6, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1957-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uros","family":"Cvelbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gaseous Electronics F6, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2571-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Abrashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Jivko","family":"Kissovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2677-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Lemos","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0670-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tatarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-022-05505-8","article-title":"Graphene Properties, Synthesis and Applications: A. 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