{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1775021427857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porous carbon materials can serve as effective and versatile adsorbents in water pollution management. This study presents a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method to produce porous carbon materials (JFS-PC) by exploiting Jamoya fruit seeds (JFS) as a precursor using a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. HTC is a thermochemical process for the conversion of high moisture content biomass into carbon-rich materials. The process is performed in a temperature range of 180\u2013250 \u00b0C during which the biomass is submerged in water and heated in a sealed environment under autogenous pressure. The adsorbents obtained were explored using different techniques viz. XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and surface area analyses to evaluate their characteristics that are beneficial for the adsorption process. Surface area analysis revealed that the developed activated carbon exhibits appreciable surface area (440.8 m2g\u22121), with a mean pore diameter of 3.97 nm. Activated carbon was successfully tested on the removal of an azo dye, Carmoisine B (CB), from water systems. Isothermal and kinetic evaluation demonstrated that the dye adsorption agrees well with the Langmuir (R2 = 0.993) and pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.998) kinetics models. The experiments were designed to investigate the influence of adsorbate concentration (1 \u00d7 10\u22124 and 2 \u00d7 10\u22124 mol L\u22121), collision time (5\u2013300 min), pH (2\u201312) of the solution, and temperature (25\u201345 \u00b0C) on the adsorption of the selected dye. The results revealed that pH influences the adsorption capacity of CB and showed maximum adsorption between pH 2 and 5. Experimentally, the CB isotherms showed maximum adsorption capacities of 169.0 mg g\u22121, at 45 \u00b0C. Mechanisms indicate that the surface charge of the adsorbent, and structures of the adsorbate play key roles in adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters revealed an endothermic and a physisorption process supported by Van\u2019t Hoff calculations. The study indicates that the developed porous carbon (JFS-PC) can be successfully used for the removal of CB from water systems. It also highlights the use of an inexpensive and renewable precursor for the development of porous carbon materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13020385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T08:05:41Z","timestamp":1738310741000},"page":"385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sustainable Production of Porous Activated Carbon from Hydrothermally Carbonized Jamoya Fruit Seeds and Its Potential for Adsorbing the Azo Dye Carmoisine B"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubham","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Motherhood University, Roorkee 247661, India"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Hariom Saraswati P.G. College, Dhanauri, Haridwar 247667, India"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India"}]},{"given":"Shivangi","family":"Chaubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Suhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Motherhood University, Roorkee 247661, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2085-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pestana da Paix\u00e3o Cansado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2331-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahangeer","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s42488-022-00076-4","article-title":"A fuzzy multi-objective model for supplier selection to mitigate the impact of vehicle transportation gases and delivery time","volume":"4","author":"Eslamipoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Data Inf. 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