{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:53:48Z","timestamp":1760057628610,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit CONSTRUCT funded by national funds through the FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"FCT through the individual Scientific Employment Stimulus","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores an innovative topical formulation to treat alopecia by encapsulating cannabidiol (CBD) in chitosan nanoparticles. CBD, widely known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and endocannabinoid-modulating effects, shows significant potential for treating alopecia, a condition characterized by hair loss influenced by genetic, hormonal, or environmental factors. However, its low water solubility presents a significant challenge for topical applications. To address this issue, chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using chitosan of reduced molecular mass (270 kDa) with an acetylation level of 12%, \u03b2-glycerophosphate as a crosslinking agent, and 1% glycerol to improve CBD encapsulation efficiency. Physicochemical characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurement, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the \u03b2-glycerophosphate concentration impacted nanoparticle size and the electrostatic interactions between chitosan\u2019s primary amines and phosphate groups of \u03b2-glycerophosphate. Among the tested concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.25 mol\/L), 0.20 mol\/L produced the smallest nanoparticles (390 nm), which were further optimized to encapsulate CBD, reaching a particle size of 227 nm. This optimized formulation may improve the solubility of CBD and enable targeted and sustained delivery to hair follicles. These findings highlight chitosan nanoparticles as a cutting-edge and scalable platform for transdermal delivery of hydrophobic bioactive compounds, presenting a promising approach for the effective management of alopecia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13030617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:12:11Z","timestamp":1740132731000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chitosan Nanoparticulate System Loaded with Cannabidiol: A Topical Formulation for Potential Alopecia Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Josenildo R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora S.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Milena C. S.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcus V. L.","family":"Fook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su\u00e9dina M. 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