{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:19:39Z","timestamp":1765995579475,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","award":["2017\/24050-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/24050-8"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Brazil","award":["2017\/24050-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/24050-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES), Brazil","award":["2017\/24050-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/24050-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a bio-based platform chemical with high potential to replace terephthalic acid in polymer production, particularly for polyethylene furanoate (PEF), a biopolymer with superior thermal and barrier properties. This study investigates the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into FDCA using nickel-based heterogeneous catalysts, aiming at a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to noble metal catalysts. A series of nickel oxide catalysts were synthesized and screened. The NiOx catalyst synthesized without thermal treatment via Route B showed the best performance, achieving a FDCA yield of 11.77%, selectivity of 27.41%, and concentration of 0.9 g\/L under preliminary conditions. Reaction kinetics revealed that the controlled addition of NaClO enhanced FDCA yield by 2.28 times. Optimization using a 23 factorial design identified the optimal conditions as 6% (w\/v) catalyst concentration, 25 \u00b0C, and a NaClO:HMF molar ratio of 12:1, leading to 34.14% yield and 42.57% selectivity. The NiOx catalyst maintained its activity over five successive cycles, indicating good recyclability. Moreover, NiOx demonstrated catalytic activity with crude HMF derived from glucose dehydration, confirming its practical applicability. These results support the potential of nickel-based catalysts in sustainable FDCA production, contributing to the advancement of bio-based polymer synthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13072026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T05:53:13Z","timestamp":1750917193000},"page":"2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sustainable Production of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid via Nickel-Based Heterogeneous Catalysis from 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Celso Luiz","family":"de Aquino Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Lorena 12.602-810, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1153-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Alves","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Lorena 12.602-810, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solange I.","family":"Mussatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, S\u00f8ltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9345-6079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia Melo","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Lorena 12.602-810, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"26575","article-title":"Carbohydrate-Based Biorefineries for the Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and Their Separation and Purification Methods","volume":"12","author":"Orsat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. 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