{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:56:38Z","timestamp":1762610198216,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"]}]},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","award":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"]}]},{"name":"Tiago Lima de Albuquerque","award":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04469","LA\/P\/0029\/2020","441294\/2023-5","201291\/2024-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modulating enzymatic activity through physical strategies is increasingly recognized as a powerful approach to optimizing biocatalytic processes in food and biotechnology applications. Cellobiose 2-epimerase (C2E), a key enzyme for synthesizing epilactose, a non-digestible disaccharide with established prebiotic effects, is gaining relevance in functional foods. Emerging strategies, such as the application of moderate electric fields (MEFs), have attracted attention due to their non-thermal, non-invasive nature and their capacity to influence the structural and functional properties of proteins. This review assesses the potential of MEFs to modulate C2E activity and provides an overview of the physicochemical principles governing MEF\u2013protein interactions and summarizes findings from various enzymatic systems, highlighting changes in activity, stability, and substrate affinity under electric field conditions. Particular attention is given to the mechanistic plausibility and processing implications of applying MEFs to C2E-catalyzed reactions. The integration of biochemical, structural, and engineering perspectives suggests that MEF-assisted modulation could overcome current bottlenecks in epilactose production. This approach may enable the sustainable valorization of lactose-rich byproducts and support the development of non-thermal, clean-label technologies for producing functional ingredients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13092671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T11:50:31Z","timestamp":1755863431000},"page":"2671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of Enzymatic Activity by Moderate Electric Fields: Perspectives for Prebiotic Epilactose Production via Cellobiose-2-Epimerase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6316-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Lima de","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1553-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo N.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS-Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara C.","family":"Silv\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS-Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9265-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edgia R.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS-Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2023.105697","article-title":"In Vitro Fermentation of Epilactose and Epilactitol by Human Faecal Microbiota","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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