{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:56:08Z","timestamp":1765209368742,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For the first time, Eriolobus trilobatus bark from Turkey has been characterized in terms of its chemical, extractive, fuel, and ash characteristics using SEM\u2013EDS, wet chemical analysis, phenolic analysis, FT-IR, TGA, XRF, XRD, BET surface area measurement, proximate analysis, and ash fusion temperature (AFT) determination. The results showed that the bark contains 13% ash, dominated by calcium oxalate, and 15% extractives, largely composed of polar phenolic compounds with moderate radical-scavenging potential. Thermal decomposition of bark proceeds in four distinct stages, associated with the sequential degradation of extractives\/hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin\/suberin, and inorganic fractions. The higher calorific value of 14.9 MJ\/kg indicates moderate fuel quality compared with conventional woody biomass. Ash is mesoporous with a CaO-rich structure highly suitable for catalytic applications in biodiesel production and biomass gasification. Ash fusion analysis revealed a high flow temperature (1452 \u00b0C), indicating a very low slagging risk during thermochemical conversion. Overall, E. trilobatus bark is a promising material for value-added biorefinery pathways, enabling processes for the production of biochars, CaO-based catalysts, phenolic extracts, and sustainable energy. The valorization of E. trilobatus bark not only enhances the economic potential of forestry residues but also provides environmental co-benefits through carbon soil amendment and landscape applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13123946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:17:36Z","timestamp":1765185456000},"page":"3946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A First Process-Oriented Characterization of Eriolobus trilobatus (Labill. ex Poiret) Bark from Turkey: Chemical, Morphological and Energy Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3734-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut","family":"\u0218en","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35460 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5360-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cengiz","family":"Y\u00fcceda\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15200 Burdur, T\u00fcrkiye"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3970-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"Balc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35460 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-7920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eefik","family":"Ar\u0131c\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomass Energy Systems and Technologies Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcnnur","family":"Ko\u00e7ar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomass Energy Systems and Technologies Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beyza","family":"\u015eat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Architecture and Design, \u00d6zye\u011fin University, 34794 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9762-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Sciences and Technology of Biomass, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon University, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Sciences and Technology of Biomass, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1501\/Commuc_0000000162","article-title":"Contribution a I\u00e8tude de Flore Des Montagnes de I\u00c0manus. 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