{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:53:00Z","timestamp":1777600380298,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The world\u2019s water resources are being deteriorated by the continuous discharge of various contaminants, highlighting the problem of dyes. Many industrial activities (dyeing, food, and medicines) depend on the use of synthetic dyes. Due to their strong color, toxicity, and carcinogenic properties, dye effluents are detrimental to human health and the environment and their treatment is mandatory before discharge. The manuscript intends to present a comprehensive summary of the advantages and drawbacks of using different treatments on the removal of dyes, mainly those based on adsorption. Emphasis is placed on the use of adsorbents from biomass or biomass waste, which are used in their original form or after conversion into biochar or activated carbon (AC). In this review, the use of biomass-based feedstocks to produce biochar and ACs and their application on the removal of various types of dyes from liquid effluents are compiled and critically discussed. This approach positions waste and sub products not as a problem, but as a valuable raw material for producing high value-added materials. The performance of different adsorbents, for the removal of cationic and anionic dyes, is discussed and related to the textural, physical and chemical characteristics of adsorbents and adsorption. It differs from the other revision manuscripts in that it elucidates to the readers the points to ponder before choosing an adsorbent for the removal of a specific dye, mainly for large-scale uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr14060898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1773240198000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Review on Treatment Pathways and Adsorptive Approaches for Dye-Contaminated Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2085-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Pestana da Paix\u00e3o","family":"Cansado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Alexandre Mira","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2990-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo Felix","family":"Castanheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro Francisco","family":"Geraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Murr\u00f3pu\u00e8, Quelimane, Universidade Licungo, Estrada Nacional 642, Beira 2100, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Suhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar 249404, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Rom\u00e1n","family":"Suero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, Direcci\u00f3n de Oficina COOPERAS, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8070-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Ledesmas","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, Direcci\u00f3n de Oficina COOPERAS, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.103178","article-title":"Removal of pollutants from wastewater using coffee waste as adsorbent: A review","volume":"49","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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